Despite the strong antimicrobial properties of bile salts, some bacterial species can still tolerate their high concentrations.Generally, Gram-positive bacteria seem to be more sensitive to the activity of bile than Gram-negative bacteria [42]. Like Listeria monocytogenes or Enterococcus faecalis, Gram-positive pathogens survive bile salt concentrations as high as 0.3%, which is comparable to the concentration found in the human small intestine