In the PRD, village-based land cooperatives have provided localofficials with a strong tool to attract outside investors in labor-intensive manufacturing and other industries. The result has beenthe growth of industries and a rise in village-based expansion ofnon-agricultural land, particularly industrial land (Tian and Zhu,2013). Even though non-agricultural land has been scattered andfragmented throughout the entire district, industrial land has beenrelatively concentrated at the village level in Shunde.