Second, we see a resurgence of smallholder interest in the crop. The number of smallholders has grown it double-digit rates in the past decade but, given the preferences of the powerful government agribusiness alliance for plantations, policies are more focused on retums on capital than on farmer livelihoods. Sma olders are not opposed to oil palm but seek inclusion in its economy on positive terms. This means government recognition of their land rights and support in obtaining technical advice, high-quality seedlings and fertilisers. There are successful formulas around the world, linked to both plantations and independent growers. for helping smallholders cultivate oil palm in sustainable and rewarding ways. President Widodo has called for the provision of high-yielding seedlings and lessening land conversions by intensifying production. Malaysia does actively assist smallholders in increasing their productivity, but 80% ofthe plantation workforce in that country is made up of poorly paid Indonesian migrant labourers Third, activism and global campaigns have exposed the environmental and social costs of the Such pressures could be slowly transforming palm oil into a more environmentally friendly and socially sensitive commodity, In response to market pressures for reform, major international producers, buyers and end users of palm oil have committed to private regulatory initiatives