Despite the important opportunity to focus on a uniquely educational aspect of leadership, the conceptual topography of instructional leadership is not clear. Notably, the first Handbook of Research on Educational Administration (Boyan, 1988) makes scant reference to school leaders' instructional responsibilities. The chapter on leadership (Immegart, 1988) calls for increased attention to leading as opposed to managing, but only the chapter on school effects (Bossert, 1988) refers to instruction, and even there the term used is "instructional management" (pp. 348-349). Bossert's (1988) delineation of instructional management divides across two school leader practices: (1) the protection of instructional time and (2) the articulation and pacing of curriculum.