The phrase "learning organization" has become popular used nowadays in many different enterprises. It is
because most enterprises have shifted from traditional operations to complex and flexible ones. Marsick and Watkins
(1994) indicated that "learning organization" learns continuously and can transform itself. It empowers the people,
encourages collaboration and team learning, promotes open dialogue, and acknowledges the interdependence of
individuals, the organization, and the community. McCutchan (1997) noted that the fundamental source of competitive
advantage in today’s organizations was shifting from resources to knowledge and from relatively stable sources of
technological and market advantage to the capacity to create such advantages. Sphr (1999) further explained that
“Learning organizations are firms that recognize the critical importance of continuous performance-related training and
development and take appropriate action to provide them” (p.254). Therefore, the key characteristic for the success of
an organization is its ability to learn. "Learning organization" was invented in the 1980s to describe organizations that
experimented with new ways of conducting business in order to survive in turbulent, highly competitive markets (Senge
1990). According to the core theory of the “learning organization” proposed by Peter M. Senge in 1990, there are five
disciplines, , “Personal mastery”, “Mental models”, “Building shared vision”, “Team learning” and “System thinking”.
The applications of the five disciplines should fall into the following four main categories: communication and
openness; inquiry and feedback; adequate time; and mutual respect and support.