Government of India
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The Government of India (GoI), officially known as the Union Government and also known as the Central Government, was established by the Constitution of India, and is the governing authority of the union of 29 states and seven union territories, collectively called the Republic of India. It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India.
The basic civil and criminal laws governing the citizens of India are set down in major parliamentary legislation, such as the Civil Procedure Code, the Indian Penal Code, and the Criminal Procedure Code. The union and individual state governments all each consist of executive, legislative and judicial branches. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common and Statutory Law. Because the seat of government is in New Delhi, "New Delhi" is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government.
Contents [hide]
1 Legislature
2 Executive branch
2.1 President
2.2 Vice President
2.3 Prime Minister
2.4 Cabinet, executive departments and agencies
3 Civil service
3.1 Cabinet Secretary of India
4 Judicial branch
4.1 Supreme Court
4.2 Public interest litigation (PIL)
5 Elections and voting
6 State and local governments
7 Finance
7.1 Taxation
8 Central Board of Direct Taxes
8.1 Organisational structure of the Central Board of Direct Taxes
8.2 General budget
9 Issues
9.1 Corruption
9.2 Spending priorities
9.3 Deficits
10 See also
11 Further reading
12 References
13 External links
Legislature[edit]
Legislative power in India is exercised by the Parliament, a bicameral legislature consisting of the President of India, the Rajya Sabha, and the Lok Sabha. Of the two houses of Parliament, the former is considered to be the upper house or the Council of States and consists of members appointed by the President and elected by the state and territorial legislatures. The latter is considered the lower house or the House of the people.
The Parliament of India in the background.
The Parliament does not enjoy complete sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch. The members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected thereto within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved at any time. But the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved.
Executive branch[edit]
The executive branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers.
President[edit]
Main article: President of India
The Rashtrapati Bhawan, residence of the President of India.
The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, as per Article 53 (1) of the constitution. The President enjoys all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53(1).The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution of India.
The Council of Ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha.
The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:[1]
Governors of States
The Chief Justice, other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of India
The Attorney General
The Comptroller and Auditor General
The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners
The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission
The President's Officer
The Cabinet Secretary, whose position is equivalent to the Ministers in Central Government. His work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government.[2] The Secretariat held by Cabinet Secretary is termed as Cabinet Secretariat and assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/ Departments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/ adhoc Committees of Secretaries.
Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries[3][4]
The President, as Head of State also receives the credentials of Ambassadors from other countries, whilst the Prime Minister, as Head of Government, receives credentials of High Commissioners from other members of the Commonwealth, in line with historical tradition.
The President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.[5]
The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person for one time, particularly in cases involving punishment of death. The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the President are independent of the opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the President exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Vice President[edit]
Main article: Vice President of India
The Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranked government official[citation needed] in the executive branch of the Government of India, following the President. Vice President represents the nation in the absence of the President.The Vice-President also has the legislative function of acting as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.[citation needed]
Prime Minister[edit]
The Red Fort in New Delhi.
The Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on the occasion of Independence Day, from the ramparts of this fort.
The Prime Minister of India, as addressed to in the Constitution of India, is the chief of government, chief adviser to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India.
The Prime minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.
The Prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.
Cabinet, executive departments and agencies[edit]
Main articles: Cabinet of India and List of Indian agencies
The Cabinet of India includes the Prime Minister and his Cabinet Ministers.[6] Each Minister must be a member of one of the houses of India's Parliament. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister, and is advised by the Cabinet Secretary - who also acts as the head of the Indian Administrative Service. Other Ministers are either as Union Cabinet Ministers, who are heads of the various Ministries; Ministers of State, who are junior members who report directly to one of the Cabinet Ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or Junior Ministers of State (Independent Charges), which do not report to a Cabinet Minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every Minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member.
Civil service[edit]
Main article: Civil Services of India
The Civil Services of India is the civil service and the permanent bureaucracy of the Government of India. The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants. Civil servants are employees of the Government of India and not Parliament of India. Not all employees of the Government of India are civil servants.
In the parliamentary democracy of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers are not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.
Cabinet Secretary of India[edit]
The Cabinet Secretariat of India.
The Cabinet Secretary of India is the senior most civil servant in the country. The Cabinet Secretary is the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board of the Republic of India; generally the senior most officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the Government of India. The C
รัฐบาลอินเดียจากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมฟรีบทความนี้ต้องอ้างเพิ่มเติมสำหรับการตรวจสอบ กรุณาช่วยปรับปรุงบทความนี้อ้างถึงแหล่งที่เชื่อถือได้ วัสดุ unsourced อาจจะท้าทาย และลบออกไป (2015 สิงหาคม)สาธารณรัฐอินเดียตรา India.svgบทความนี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของชุดในการการเมืองและรัฐบาลอินเดียรัฐบาลสหภาพ [แสดง]การเลือกตั้ง [แสดง]พรรคการเมือง [แสดง]รัฐและท้องถิ่นฟเวอร์เมนท์ [แสดง]ประเทศแอตลาสเว็บไซต์พอร์ทัลคอนรัฐบาลอินเดียv t eรัฐบาลอินเดีย (โกอี), รู้จักกันเป็นการร่วมรัฐบาล และเป็นรัฐบาลกลาง ก่อตั้งขึ้น โดยรัฐธรรมนูญแห่งอินเดีย และเป็นผู้มีอำนาจควบคุมของสหภาพอเมริกา 29 และอาณาเขตสหภาพเจ็ด เรียกสาธารณรัฐอินเดีย ตั้งอยู่ในนิวเดลี เมืองหลวงของอินเดียแก้ประมวลกฎหมายแพ่งและกฎหมายอาญาควบคุมประชาชนของอินเดียได้กำหนดไว้ในหลักกฎหมายรัฐสภา เช่นกระบวนแพ่ง อาญาเกี่ยวกับอินเดีย และ อาญาขั้นตอน สหภาพและรัฐบาลแต่ละรัฐทั้งหมดแต่ละประกอบด้วยสาขาบริหาร สภา และยุติธรรม กฎหมายเป็นรัฐบาลกลาง และแต่ละสถานะจะขึ้นอยู่กับภาษาอังกฤษทั่วไปและกฎหมายตามกฎหมาย เนื่องจากนั่งของรัฐบาลอยู่ในนิวเดลี "นิวเดลี" มักใช้เป็น metonym รัฐบาลกลางเนื้อหา [ซ่อน] 1 ทูลเกล้าทูลกระหม่อมสาขาบริหาร2.1 ประธาน2.2 รองประธาน2.3 นายกรัฐมนตรี2.4 ตู้ ฝ่ายบริหาร และหน่วยงาน3 ข้าราชการพลเรือน3.1 คณะรัฐมนตรีเลขานุการของอินเดียสาขายุติธรรม 44.1 ศาลฎีกา4.2 สาธารณประโยชน์ดำเนินคดี (PIL)การเลือกตั้งที่ 5 และออกเสียงลงคะแนนรัฐบาลรัฐ และท้องถิ่น 6เงิน 77.1 จัดเก็บภาษีคณะกลาง 8 ภาษีทางตรง8.1 โครงสร้าง organisational ของกลางบอร์ดของตรงภาษี8.2 งบประมาณทั่วไปประเด็นที่ 99.1 ความเสียหาย9.2 ใช้ลำดับความสำคัญ9.3 ขาดดุลดู 1011 อ่านเพิ่มเติมอ้างอิงที่ 12เชื่อมโยงภายนอก 13[แก้ไข] ทูลเกล้าทูลกระหม่อมอำนาจสภาในอินเดียเป็นสิทธิ โดยรัฐสภา ทูลเกล้าทูลกระหม่อม bicameral ที่ประกอบด้วยประธานาธิบดีอินเดีย ยสภา และสภาการ บ้านที่สองของรัฐสภา อดีตถือเป็นสภาสูงหรือสภาอเมริกา กประกอบด้วยสมาชิกที่แต่งตั้ง โดยประธานาธิบดี และการเลือกตั้ง โดยรัฐและดินแดน legislatures หลังถือว่าบ้านล่างหรือบ้านของคนรัฐสภาของอินเดียประกอบด้วยThe Parliament does not enjoy complete sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch. The members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected thereto within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha. The Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can be dissolved at any time. But the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved.Executive branch[edit]The executive branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the republican idea of the separation of powers.President[edit]Main article: President of IndiaThe Rashtrapati Bhawan, residence of the President of India.The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, as per Article 53 (1) of the constitution. The President enjoys all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53(1).The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, who leads the Council of Ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution of India.The Council of Ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha.The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:[1]Governors of StatesThe Chief Justice, other judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts of IndiaThe Attorney GeneralThe Comptroller and Auditor GeneralThe Chief Election Commissioner and other Election CommissionersThe Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service CommissionThe President's OfficerThe Cabinet Secretary, whose position is equivalent to the Ministers in Central Government. His work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government.[2] The Secretariat held by Cabinet Secretary is termed as Cabinet Secretariat and assists in decision-making in Government by ensuring Inter-Ministerial coordination, ironing out differences amongst Ministries/ Departments and evolving consensus through the instrumentality of the standing/ adhoc Committees of Secretaries.Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries[3][4]The President, as Head of State also receives the credentials of Ambassadors from other countries, whilst the Prime Minister, as Head of Government, receives credentials of High Commissioners from other members of the Commonwealth, in line with historical tradition.The President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.[5]The President of India can grant a pardon to or reduce the sentence of a convicted person for one time, particularly in cases involving punishment of death. The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the President are independent of the opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the President exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister.Vice President[edit]Main article: Vice President of IndiaThe Vice-President of India is the second-highest ranked government official[citation needed] in the executive branch of the Government of India, following the President. Vice President represents the nation in the absence of the President.The Vice-President also has the legislative function of acting as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.[citation needed]Prime Minister[edit]The Red Fort in New Delhi.The Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on the occasion of Independence Day, from the ramparts of this fort.The Prime Minister of India, as addressed to in the Constitution of India, is the chief of government, chief adviser to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India.
The Prime minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.
The Prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.
Cabinet, executive departments and agencies[edit]
Main articles: Cabinet of India and List of Indian agencies
The Cabinet of India includes the Prime Minister and his Cabinet Ministers.[6] Each Minister must be a member of one of the houses of India's Parliament. The Cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister, and is advised by the Cabinet Secretary - who also acts as the head of the Indian Administrative Service. Other Ministers are either as Union Cabinet Ministers, who are heads of the various Ministries; Ministers of State, who are junior members who report directly to one of the Cabinet Ministers, often overseeing a specific aspect of government; or Junior Ministers of State (Independent Charges), which do not report to a Cabinet Minister. As per article 88 of the constitution, every Minister shall have the right to speak in, and to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and any committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not be entitled to a vote in the house where he is not a member.
Civil service[edit]
Main article: Civil Services of India
The Civil Services of India is the civil service and the permanent bureaucracy of the Government of India. The executive decisions are implemented by the Indian civil servants. Civil servants are employees of the Government of India and not Parliament of India. Not all employees of the Government of India are civil servants.
In the parliamentary democracy of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers are not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.
Cabinet Secretary of India[edit]
The Cabinet Secretariat of India.
The Cabinet Secretary of India is the senior most civil servant in the country. The Cabinet Secretary is the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board of the Republic of India; generally the senior most officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and head of all civil services under the rules of business of the Government of India. The C
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