Scale 3 was originally designed to identify patients who had developed a psychogenically based sensory or motor disorder. The 60 items primarily involve specific physical complaints and a defensive denial of emotional or interpersonal difficulties. The types of physical complaints are generally quite specific and include areas such as fitful sleep, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and heart or chest pains (check HEA/Health Concerns scale). The important feature of persons who score high on this scale is that they simultaneously report specific physical complaints but also use a style of denial in which they may even express an exaggerated degree of optimism. One of the important and primary ways in which they deal with anxiety and conflict is to channel or convert these difficulties onto the body. Thus, their physical complaints serve as an indirect expression of these conflicts. Their traits might be consistent with a histrionic personality in that they will demand affection and social support but do so in an indirect and manipulative manner. They are also likely to be socially uninhibited and highly visible. They can easily initiate relationships, yet their relationships are likely to be superficial. They will approach others in a self-centered and naive manner. They might act out sexually or aggressively, but have a convenient lack of insight into either their underlying motives or their impact on others. However, Scale 3 is quite heterogeneous in its item composition. The Harris-Lingoes item analysis has divided these into denial of social anxiety, need for affection, lassitudemalaise, somatic complaints, and inhibition of aggression. If Scale 3 is clearly elevated and a clinician is unclear regarding the meaning of the elevation, it can often be useful to formally score the Harris-Lingoes subscales (see section on Harris-Lingoes subscales).