Having one agency in charge of system implementation and another in charge of cross agency issues and project management, on one hand, is advantageous as the roles and areas of work of two lead agencies are complimentary. MICT pushed the development of artifacts necessary for cross-agency cooperation, such as an initial National Standard Data Set and Thailand e- Government Interoperability Framework (TH e-GIF), that Thai Customs Department was not ready to take early on in the project. Several findings from the studies related to the simplification of business processes as well as the development of NSW business models and governance mechanisms conducted by MICT provided information that served as crucial inputs for decision-making processes participated by Thai Customs Department and other stakeholders.