Limitations of our study include non-response bias. Non-responders, comprising 15% of the current sample could have affected the rates of smoking, which could have been higher, especially among female smokers who may have preferred to refrain from answering the questionnaire.
This may have led to an underestimation of smoking prevalence.
Another limitation is that we only studied smoking prevalence and did not look into perceptions and knowledge regarding waterpipe and cigarette smoking which could have given us more insight into conducting future interventions..