Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES): This scale me- asured the state of self-esteem, which was developed by Rosenberg in 1965 [18]. A Japanese version of the self-esteem scale has been developed [19]: it consists of 10 items, with a total score ranging from a low of 10 to a high of 50. Higher scores indicate a “higher state of self-esteem”.