However, exposure to repeated or prolonged stressors gives rise to chronic elevation of baseline levels
(Boonstraetal.,1998;Clinchyetal.,2004;but see Rich and Romero,
2005;CyrandRomero,2007)that has been shown to have detrimental
effects on offspring performance(Zanetteetal.,2011;Boonstra,2013;
Clinchyetal.,2013).