Plants were grown until maturity. Pearl millet was harvested between 90 and 100 days after sowing, while sorghum and rice were harvested between 115 and 132 days. Panicles were air-dried and threshed, and then the clean grains were weighed and the grain moisture content was measured by Grain Moisture Tester (PM-830-2, Kett, Japan). The grain weights were adjusted to 14% moisture content to obtain total yield per plot.