Conditional cash transfers, where regular school attendance is a condition for parents to receive transfers, are expanding in many countries. After an early conditional in-kind transfer program in Bangladesh (Food-for-Education), programs have rapidly developed in such middle-income countries as Mexico (Oportunidades) and Brazil (Bolsa Familia).54 These programs reduce current poverty through the cash transfers and reduce future poverty through greater investment in the schooling of poor children. When successful, they can be a one-generation investment in breaking the intergenerational inheritance of poverty. Although costly, these transfer programs have been successful in middle-income countries and are being put in place in many other countries. However, adapting them to low-income countries with extensive poverty and weaker school and civil registry systems remains an unexplored challenge.