By Brian David Josephson in 1962, the electrical current density through a weak electric contact between two superconductors depends on the phase difference Δφ of the two superconducting wave functions. Moreover, the time derivative of Δφ is correlated with the voltage across this weak contact. In a superconducting ring with one (so-called rf SQUID) or two (dc SQUID, fig. 1, blue) weak contacts, Δφ is additionally influenced by the magnetic flux Φ through this ring. Therefore, such a structure can be used to convert magnetic flux into an electrical voltage. This is the basic working principle of a SQUID magnetometer.
When the sample is moved up and down it produces an alternating magnetic flux in the pick-up coil .The magnetic signal of the sample is obtained via a Superconducting pick-up coil with 4 windings (fig. 3). This coil is, together with a SQUID antenna (red in fig. 1), part of a whole superconducting circuit transferring the magnetic flux from the sample to an rf SQUID device which is located away from the sample in the liquid helium bath. This device acts as a magnetic flux-to-voltage converter (blue in fig. 2). This voltage is then amplified and read out by the magnetometer’s electronics (green in fig. 2).
By Brian David Josephson in 1962, the electrical current density through a weak electric contact between two superconductors depends on the phase difference Δφ of the two superconducting wave functions. Moreover, the time derivative of Δφ is correlated with the voltage across this weak contact. In a superconducting ring with one (so-called rf SQUID) or two (dc SQUID, fig. 1, blue) weak contacts, Δφ is additionally influenced by the magnetic flux Φ through this ring. Therefore, such a structure can be used to convert magnetic flux into an electrical voltage. This is the basic working principle of a SQUID magnetometer.When the sample is moved up and down it produces an alternating magnetic flux in the pick-up coil .The magnetic signal of the sample is obtained via a Superconducting pick-up coil with 4 windings (fig. 3). This coil is, together with a SQUID antenna (red in fig. 1), part of a whole superconducting circuit transferring the magnetic flux from the sample to an rf SQUID device which is located away from the sample in the liquid helium bath. This device acts as a magnetic flux-to-voltage converter (blue in fig. 2). This voltage is then amplified and read out by the magnetometer’s electronics (green in fig. 2).
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