Similarly, in the dedicated textbooks on this topic, one will find both advocates of the
NPM (Hughes 2002) and its critics (Flynn 2002).
The NPM has been criticized most devastatingly for its intra-governmental focus in
an increasingly plural world and for its adherence to the application of outdated privatesector
techniques to PAM, and in the face of evidence about their inapplicability
(Metcalfe and Richards 1991) while Hood and Jackson (1991) concluded that the NPM
was a ‘disaster waiting to happen’.