This paper examined the least-cost energy system development and analyzed its implications for GHG and other local pollutant emissions under four scenarios for Thailand using AIM/Enduse model during 2000–2050.
The four scenarios follow closely with the scenarios of global IPCC SRES report. Under the reference scenario (i.e., dual track), the TPES is estimated to increase by almost sixfolds from 77 Mtoe in 2000 to 456 Mtoe in 2050.
Fossil fuels would continue to remain the dominant energy source, contributing about 90% of the total TPES under all four scenarios in 2050.
Among the fossil fuels, oil use is estimated to dominate the TPES over the study period. Coal and natural gas are also estimated to remain the mainstay of TPES over the study period.
Despite the Thai government’s policy to promote new and renewable energy sources, its share in TPES is estimated to remain low in between 6% under TA1 to 13% under TB2 in 2050.
This ismainly due to higher initial costs and lower plant factor of renewable energy technologies used for electricity genera-tion, and limited domestic resource availability of the new and renewable energy sources in the country.
Sector-wise, energy demand in industry sector would increase by almost nine-folds from 18 Mtoe in 2000 to 156 Mtoe in 2050, while transport sector would increase by more than six-folds from 18 Mtoe in 2000 to 114 Mtoe in 2050 under the reference scenario.
Industry and commercial sectors are likely to remain the largest final consumer of electricity throughout the study period. In the power sector, the share of coal and natural gas combined in total electricity generation under the reference scenario is estimated to account for 85% by 2050.
In contrast, the share of new and renewables (mainly biomass and hydro) in total electricity generation is estimated to increase from 9% in 2000 to about 15% in 2050.
Energy use in the road transportation is estimated to become increasingly important over the study period compared to other modes of transportation (e.g., rail, air and water).
Compressed natural gas-, hybrid-, fuel cell- and other efficient technology based-vehicles would play an increasingly important role during the later two decades of the study period.
Thailand is a net energy importing country and its energy import dependency is estimated to increase from 50% in 2000 to as high as 89% under global market scenario in 2050.
With increasing use of fossil fuels and limited domestic resources availability, the concern over energy security would be an important issue in the country during the study period.
Owing to increasing demand for energy and increasing motor vehicles in the country, total CO2 emissions is also estimated to increase in the future.
Under the reference scenario, the total CO2 emissions is estimated to reach 1155 Mt in 2050, an increase of more than seven-folds over the 2000 level at an average annual growth rate of 4.1%. Industry sector would account for the most in total CO2 emissions in 2050 at 38%, followed by power (33%), transport (23%) and the agriculture, commercial and residential sectors combined (6%).
In per capita term, the CO2 emission in Thailand is estimated to increase by more than five-folds from 2.6 tons in 2000 to 14.1 tons by 2050.
In contrast, the CO2 emission intensity is estimated to fall by one-third in 2050 as compared to 2000 level due to cleaner energy substitution and penetration of more efficient technologies over the study period.
However, the country’s estimated CO2 intensity in 2050 would remain high compared to the corresponding 2000 value of OECDand world-average.
Both SO2 and NOx emissions are also estimated to increase considerably over the study period: SO2 emission is estimated to increase by almost eight-folds while NOx emission is estimated to increase by almost sixfolds between 2000 and 2050 under the reference scenario.
In 2050, about 86% of the total SO2 emissions would come from power and industry sectors combined, while 49% of the total NOx emissions would come from the transport sector alone.
In all four scenarios, SO2 emission is estimated to grow much faster than the NOx emission over the study period mainly due to the substantial use of coal for electricity generation.
In general, bottom up approach includes detailed sectoral analyses but includes much less detail about the entire economy.
Conversely, top down approach provide little sectoral details. Therefore, linking bottom up approach with top down approach for scenario analysis of developing countries like Thailand would be an interesting further study.
This paper examined the least-cost energy system development and analyzed its implications for GHG and other local pollutant emissions under four scenarios for Thailand using AIM/Enduse model during 2000–2050.
The four scenarios follow closely with the scenarios of global IPCC SRES report. Under the reference scenario (i.e., dual track), the TPES is estimated to increase by almost sixfolds from 77 Mtoe in 2000 to 456 Mtoe in 2050.
Fossil fuels would continue to remain the dominant energy source, contributing about 90% of the total TPES under all four scenarios in 2050.
Among the fossil fuels, oil use is estimated to dominate the TPES over the study period. Coal and natural gas are also estimated to remain the mainstay of TPES over the study period.
Despite the Thai government’s policy to promote new and renewable energy sources, its share in TPES is estimated to remain low in between 6% under TA1 to 13% under TB2 in 2050.
This ismainly due to higher initial costs and lower plant factor of renewable energy technologies used for electricity genera-tion, and limited domestic resource availability of the new and renewable energy sources in the country.
Sector-wise, energy demand in industry sector would increase by almost nine-folds from 18 Mtoe in 2000 to 156 Mtoe in 2050, while transport sector would increase by more than six-folds from 18 Mtoe in 2000 to 114 Mtoe in 2050 under the reference scenario.
Industry and commercial sectors are likely to remain the largest final consumer of electricity throughout the study period. In the power sector, the share of coal and natural gas combined in total electricity generation under the reference scenario is estimated to account for 85% by 2050.
In contrast, the share of new and renewables (mainly biomass and hydro) in total electricity generation is estimated to increase from 9% in 2000 to about 15% in 2050.
Energy use in the road transportation is estimated to become increasingly important over the study period compared to other modes of transportation (e.g., rail, air and water).
Compressed natural gas-, hybrid-, fuel cell- and other efficient technology based-vehicles would play an increasingly important role during the later two decades of the study period.
Thailand is a net energy importing country and its energy import dependency is estimated to increase from 50% in 2000 to as high as 89% under global market scenario in 2050.
With increasing use of fossil fuels and limited domestic resources availability, the concern over energy security would be an important issue in the country during the study period.
Owing to increasing demand for energy and increasing motor vehicles in the country, total CO2 emissions is also estimated to increase in the future.
Under the reference scenario, the total CO2 emissions is estimated to reach 1155 Mt in 2050, an increase of more than seven-folds over the 2000 level at an average annual growth rate of 4.1%. Industry sector would account for the most in total CO2 emissions in 2050 at 38%, followed by power (33%), transport (23%) and the agriculture, commercial and residential sectors combined (6%).
In per capita term, the CO2 emission in Thailand is estimated to increase by more than five-folds from 2.6 tons in 2000 to 14.1 tons by 2050.
In contrast, the CO2 emission intensity is estimated to fall by one-third in 2050 as compared to 2000 level due to cleaner energy substitution and penetration of more efficient technologies over the study period.
However, the country’s estimated CO2 intensity in 2050 would remain high compared to the corresponding 2000 value of OECDand world-average.
Both SO2 and NOx emissions are also estimated to increase considerably over the study period: SO2 emission is estimated to increase by almost eight-folds while NOx emission is estimated to increase by almost sixfolds between 2000 and 2050 under the reference scenario.
In 2050, about 86% of the total SO2 emissions would come from power and industry sectors combined, while 49% of the total NOx emissions would come from the transport sector alone.
In all four scenarios, SO2 emission is estimated to grow much faster than the NOx emission over the study period mainly due to the substantial use of coal for electricity generation.
In general, bottom up approach includes detailed sectoral analyses but includes much less detail about the entire economy.
Conversely, top down approach provide little sectoral details. Therefore, linking bottom up approach with top down approach for scenario analysis of developing countries like Thailand would be an interesting further study.
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