Iron Technology became more important in the Middle Gangetic Valley with the use of metal found in mines in south Bihar . Iron and salt ewre widely traded and iron smith traveled to village. Large circuits of trade developed,linking the larger towns--called nagaras--which emerged. The iron mines were in south Bihar,south of the eastern Gangetic Valley,but the salt mines were in Panjupb. One famous northern route was called uttarapatha. Majortowns called mahanagaras lay on this route.Some of these towns also lay near rivers and gained significance as they developed control over river traffic. The largest towns are associated with areas which became the major kingdoms of thids period , mahajanapadas,great etrritories of the people. Between the 8th and yhe and the 6th century 16 mahajanapadas emerged. Each was sited in a river Valley and most were in some part of the Gangetic Valley.These were zones of heavily irrgated agriculture and realatively dense poppulation within still very heavily forested landscapes.
A southern trade route was begun called the daksinapatgha. Thid would drvelop increasinsly in importance as the gateway to the south reginos and the new possibilites for both trade and political engaement there.Commodities of mthis early trade included iron,copper,tin,lead and silver , salt pottery and textiles . The northern black polished pottery from the Middle and Eastern Gangetic Valley is found over a wide egographical reach in northern India. Woolen blankets came from the northwest, ivory came form the forests of the Gangetic Valley and the Himalayan foothills , horses came from Sind and Kamboja , to the far west. Money came into use,issued by trading groups associated with urban centers. Carftsmen in urban areas gradually organised themselves into corporatee bodies commonly called sreni. The sreni evolved into professional groups bound by contractual ties and these evolved into occupational jatis , castes of craftsmen. Money-lending and baking was introduced.
Iron Technology became more important in the Middle Gangetic Valley with the use of metal found in mines in south Bihar . Iron and salt ewre widely traded and iron smith traveled to village. Large circuits of trade developed,linking the larger towns--called nagaras--which emerged. The iron mines were in south Bihar,south of the eastern Gangetic Valley,but the salt mines were in Panjupb. One famous northern route was called uttarapatha. Majortowns called mahanagaras lay on this route.Some of these towns also lay near rivers and gained significance as they developed control over river traffic. The largest towns are associated with areas which became the major kingdoms of thids period , mahajanapadas,great etrritories of the people. Between the 8th and yhe and the 6th century 16 mahajanapadas emerged. Each was sited in a river Valley and most were in some part of the Gangetic Valley.These were zones of heavily irrgated agriculture and realatively dense poppulation within still very heavily forested landscapes. A southern trade route was begun called the daksinapatgha. Thid would drvelop increasinsly in importance as the gateway to the south reginos and the new possibilites for both trade and political engaement there.Commodities of mthis early trade included iron,copper,tin,lead and silver , salt pottery and textiles . The northern black polished pottery from the Middle and Eastern Gangetic Valley is found over a wide egographical reach in northern India. Woolen blankets came from the northwest, ivory came form the forests of the Gangetic Valley and the Himalayan foothills , horses came from Sind and Kamboja , to the far west. Money came into use,issued by trading groups associated with urban centers. Carftsmen in urban areas gradually organised themselves into corporatee bodies commonly called sreni. The sreni evolved into professional groups bound by contractual ties and these evolved into occupational jatis , castes of craftsmen. Money-lending and baking was introduced.
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