In an attempt to make fisheries more environmentally sustainable, efforts should be
focused on converting and utilizing a higher proportion of the waste material for value added products. Researchers have been investigating by-products from fish waste such as collagen, oil,
carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, to improve their functional properties (Hughes et al., 2012; Jongjareonrak et al., 2010; Kim & Mendis, 2006).