2. Behavioral constraints
A. Earth pressure estimation (magnitude and location)
(1) The magnitude of the earth pressure exerted on a wall is dependent on the
amount of movement that the wall undergoes.
(2) The vertical component of earth pressure is a function of the coefficient of
friction and/or relative displacement (settling) between wall (stem, facing,
and Reinforced Earth mass) and retained fill.
(3) Compaction of confined soil may result in developing of earth pressure
greater than active or at-rest condition.
(4) For complex or compound walls such as bridge abutments, battered-faced
walls, superimposed walls, and walls with trapezoidal backs, a global limit
equilibrium analysis is required.
(5) For embedded cantilever walls, profiles of lateral pressures acting on both
sides of a wall are affected by the location of the center of wall rotation
(pivot point), which is construction-dependent.
(6) For multianchored embedded cantilever walls using a minimum penetration
depth where there is no static pivot point, the soil pressure profile is
anchorage design–dependent and should be developed with the recognition
of beam-on-elastic foundation principles.
(7) At the ultimate limit state, the location of the horizontal earth pressure
resultant moves up from 0.33 to 0.40 of the wall height