It is worth pointing out that the use of an ideational framework (a ¯ow diagram in
our example) Ð because it contains words displayed in an array that supports an
understanding of their sentence functions Ð provides support for the learners'
noticing of relationships between spoken and written forms. In the controlled
speaking work, the learners are eectively reading aloud (in a bottom-up orientation)
the product of their reading and listening work in the processing tasks of `input
1'. This is arguably more valid than reading aloud text that is not such a product,
since the learners will relate more directly to what they are reading.