However, besides these many positive outcomes, new obstacles have arisen that may undermine the reform process’ sustainability. How vulnerable does the poor remain, how vulnerable will they be in future amidst the challenges of global change, climate change in particular, and to what degree have the tenure reforms contributed to cushioning negative effects? Even if landlessness is not a key problem in Vietnam, other risks endangering sustainability arise: Although devolution is on its way in Vietnam, local governments still lack incentives to balance private and public interests and, together with landowners and users, to manage the lands in a sustainable way. This may refer, for example, to local land-use plans.