Specialist skills are required of leaders, with implications for HR’s approach to recruiting and developing them.’
‘We did an awful lot of coaching … you can see a marked difference in the performance in acting as a team…. The culture we are trying to drive is very much leave your [home organisation] pressures at the gate; you’re here to manage this business.’ David McNerney, HR Director, Sellafield Ltd
‘It is relationships that make partnerships work well. The only way you can do that is to build trust over time.’ Jim McLaughlin, HR Director, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority
หน้า 12
Set the behavioural standards and shape the culture of the network
The skills and behaviours required of leaders need to be taken into account in leadership development and assignment processes. It may be that some managers in an organisation’s talent pool may not be suited to leading the governance aspects of partnering arrangements.
Substantially influence the strategic dialogue and the key leaders of other organisations through establishing trusting relationships and having good-quality conversations
Being able to influence the strategic dialogue and the key leaders of other organisations is another leadership imperative that requires specific skills around communication and establishing trusted relationships.
Key messages from the literature include:
• The culture gets established through what are called ‘localised conversations’ (informal, open and honest conversations between managers and leaders at key nodes or connections in the partnership).
• ‘Localised conversations’ must be used to create more aligned management, depending on the manager/leader’s ability to persuade others both inside and outside the forum’s boundaries to accept a given definition of the situation, an agenda for problem-solving, the rules and the preferred method of decision-making.
• The quality of these localised conversations then sets the tone for the overall governance system, with effective relationships helping to solve problems arising in the partnership.
Drive collective action by encouraging all partners to engage with the network as a whole
Overall, managers and leaders can really add value to the partnering arrangement by creating the capacity for collective action within governance forums.
The potential for collective action is created through the ability of managers across the network to do five things:
1 Don’t just engage in dialogue (ends-orientated talk) but have more meaningful participation across the whole distribution of members, avoiding premature closure of conversations.
2 Communicate the value of the partnership across the network, as well as the performance demands it creates.
3 Influence the efforts of not just the network members, but also home organisations and other external constituencies.
4 Rather than just pulling on home organisation capital, develop the network’s own capital, that is, build its ability to capture the necessary economic, social, cultural and political resources.
5 Then marshal the willing consent of relevant parties so that the network is given licence to continue to appropriate and deploy that capital.
From our brief discussion of the skills required of leaders involved in partnership arrangements, it is clear that there are significant implications for HR’s approach to recruiting and developing leaders. And the challenge becomes even more complex when an organisation is simultaneously engaging in different types of partnering models. A cadre of leaders and managers is required who are able to effectively operate within multiple, competing types of relationship.
‘Leaders’ behaviour and attitudes critically affect an organisation’s ability to build and repair trust. They also set the standard for the rest of the organisation.’ CIPD 2012, p16
David McNerney, HR Director, Sellafield Ltd, talks about what enables governance forums to be effective:
‘The terms of reference for these meetings, structures, entities, interactions have to be really clear and robust…. It’s about education of those individuals … getting as much knowledge into them as is beneficial without it becoming damaging … keeping communication lines open, expanding roles to work strategically, and avoiding getting into the tactical situations.’
‘Valuable partnerships do not develop simply by having the right people in the room; how people interact is at least as important.’ Koschmann et al 2012, p338
หน้า 13
6 Dealing with the issue of employees’ dual identity
All those working within a partnering arrangement will each be experiencing and ‘feeling’ the HR practices and approaches from their ‘home’ organisation as well as working within the approaches set out for the partnership arrangement.
Studies that have looked at multi-employer networks – such as management consultants, corporate accountants, agency or supply workers – show that the employment relationship is in effect managed across two firms (for example Marchington et al 2011). Difficulties can arise in the arrangement because of the different ‘felt HR’ experienced by staff who are directly employed by different organisations (Marchington et al 2009).
HR needs to consider the potential for the HR approach that employees experience to impact on the partnership’s effectiveness, including:
• Will there be a loss of control and authority resulting from employees experiencing the HR practices and approaches from their home organisations?
• Is it important that employees across the network perceive consistency in their treatment?
• Will employee behaviours in another part of the network damage the individual organisations?
• How could HR practices and approaches be aligned with the competing business objectives across the network of employers?
หน้า 14
Summary and what’s next
The two reports we have produced from our review of the literature on various forms of partnering and collaboration have highlighted essential areas of focus for HR. The first report examined how HR can help address the main business issues faced in partnering arrangements. This report has looked at some of the main questions HR needs to consider when deciding on the most appropriate HR architecture to best support partnership effectiveness.
As we have seen, many of the issues faced in partnering arrangements have a strong people dimension to them, providing the opportunity for HR to make a significant contribution to their success. Someone needs to oversee all the parties involved in the people-related aspects of the collaborative business model. Will these people be sourced from HR, or will they be people-savvy business generalists? For customers, or regulators, the answer might not matter; they will just need to be assured that someone is managing the issues involved. But for HR directors, the answer might have a profound impact on the development of their function. Therefore, with this new way of working set to become more prevalent, knowledge and expertise about the challenges and opportunities typically faced in partnering arrangements is vital for competitive advantage.
Although both parts of our literature review have enabled us to identify many of the main people-related issues that have to be dealt with in inter-organisation business arrangements, we feel more work is now needed to examine how we address these in practice.
Therefore, building on this initial scoping the territory phase of work, the CIPD will be continuing to work with Professor Paul Sparrow from the Centre for Performance-led HR at Lancaster University on a further phase of case study research.
We will work with organisations engaging in a range of partnering arrangements to try to shed more light on how, in practice, HR can manage some of the challenges and opportunities we have highlighted in our review.
’...knowledge and expertise about the challenges and opportunities typically faced in partnering arrangements are vital for competitive advantage.’
หน้า 15
Appendix: methodology
This review summarises the emerging lessons from the inter-organisational studies field of general management research. This research field provides us with some interesting insights into the issues involved when managing beyond the organisation.
Articles were initially sourced through a first stage search of the ABI Inform database, using search phrases of ‘inter-organisation management’, ‘inter-organisational integration’ and ‘inter-organisation’. We examined past studies which have focused on a range of collaborative business arrangements, including (see glossary for definitions of each arrangement):
• joint ventures and strategic alliances
• multi-employer networks
• collaborative business models
• cross-sector social partnerships
• public sector partnering with private and voluntary sector organisations
• supply chains.
The second stage of the search focused in on the overarching themes which had emerged from the first stage. We searched for the three phrases above, in combination with the terms ‘risk’, ‘governance’, ‘relationship management’ and ‘capability-building’. We have focused on papers published since 2000, and have drawn upon some of the key papers that these studies in turn have relied upon. We have also examined management and consulting reports that attest to the importance of the business challenges involved.
In the report itself we have referenced the papers we have drawn directly from, but our review included many more, and all helped to uncover the main themes we discuss.
Why is this type of literature review important?
1 First, if HR functions are to speak the language of business, and contribute to strategic agendas, they need to consider the messages from general management research into these sorts of business relationships.
2 Second, the research shows that there is already a useful understanding of the sorts of organisatio
ผู้เชี่ยวชาญทักษะจำเป็นของผู้นำ มีนัยสำหรับวิธีการของ HR ในการสรรหา และพัฒนาพวกเขา '' เราทำมากผิดมากฝึกสอน...คุณสามารถเห็นประสิทธิภาพในการทำหน้าที่เป็นทีมต่างทำเครื่องหมาย... วัฒนธรรมที่เรากำลังขับไม่มากปล่อยให้องค์กรของคุณ [บ้าน] ดันที่ประตู คุณอยู่ที่นี่เพื่อจัดการธุรกิจนี้ " David McNerney, HR กรรมการ Sellafield จำกัด' มันเป็นความสัมพันธ์ที่ทำให้ทำงานได้ดีหุ้นขึ้น วิธีเดียวที่คุณสามารถทำคือการ สร้างความน่าเชื่อถือเวลานั้น ' อำนาจ Decommissioning Jim แม็กลาฟลิน ผู้อำนวยการ HR นิวเคลียร์หน้า 12กำหนดมาตรฐานพฤติกรรม และรูปร่างของเครือข่ายวัฒนธรรมทักษะและพฤติกรรมของผู้นำที่จำเป็นต้องนำมาพิจารณาในกระบวนการพัฒนาและกำหนดความเป็นผู้นำ อาจเป็นได้ว่า การจัดการบางอย่างในสระว่ายน้ำพรสวรรค์ขององค์การไม่อาจเหมาะสมกับชั้นนำด้านกำกับดูแลกิจการของพันธมิตรจัด มีอิทธิพลต่อบทสนทนาเชิงกลยุทธ์และผู้นำหลักขององค์กรต่าง ๆ ผ่านการสร้างความเชื่อถือความสัมพันธ์ และมีบทสนทนามีคุณภาพดีมากจะมีอิทธิพลต่อบทสนทนาเชิงกลยุทธ์และผู้นำองค์กรอื่น ๆ ที่สำคัญคือ จำเป็นผู้นำอื่นที่ต้องใช้ทักษะการสื่อสารและสร้างความสัมพันธ์ที่เชื่อถือได้ ข้อความสำคัญจากวรรณคดีรวมถึง:• The culture gets established through what are called ‘localised conversations’ (informal, open and honest conversations between managers and leaders at key nodes or connections in the partnership).• ‘Localised conversations’ must be used to create more aligned management, depending on the manager/leader’s ability to persuade others both inside and outside the forum’s boundaries to accept a given definition of the situation, an agenda for problem-solving, the rules and the preferred method of decision-making.• The quality of these localised conversations then sets the tone for the overall governance system, with effective relationships helping to solve problems arising in the partnership.Drive collective action by encouraging all partners to engage with the network as a wholeOverall, managers and leaders can really add value to the partnering arrangement by creating the capacity for collective action within governance forums. The potential for collective action is created through the ability of managers across the network to do five things: 1 Don’t just engage in dialogue (ends-orientated talk) but have more meaningful participation across the whole distribution of members, avoiding premature closure of conversations.2 Communicate the value of the partnership across the network, as well as the performance demands it creates.3 Influence the efforts of not just the network members, but also home organisations and other external constituencies. 4 Rather than just pulling on home organisation capital, develop the network’s own capital, that is, build its ability to capture the necessary economic, social, cultural and political resources. 5 Then marshal the willing consent of relevant parties so that the network is given licence to continue to appropriate and deploy that capital.From our brief discussion of the skills required of leaders involved in partnership arrangements, it is clear that there are significant implications for HR’s approach to recruiting and developing leaders. And the challenge becomes even more complex when an organisation is simultaneously engaging in different types of partnering models. A cadre of leaders and managers is required who are able to effectively operate within multiple, competing types of relationship.‘Leaders’ behaviour and attitudes critically affect an organisation’s ability to build and repair trust. They also set the standard for the rest of the organisation.’ CIPD 2012, p16David McNerney, HR Director, Sellafield Ltd, talks about what enables governance forums to be effective: ‘The terms of reference for these meetings, structures, entities, interactions have to be really clear and robust…. It’s about education of those individuals … getting as much knowledge into them as is beneficial without it becoming damaging … keeping communication lines open, expanding roles to work strategically, and avoiding getting into the tactical situations.’‘Valuable partnerships do not develop simply by having the right people in the room; how people interact is at least as important.’ Koschmann et al 2012, p338หน้า 136 Dealing with the issue of employees’ dual identityAll those working within a partnering arrangement will each be experiencing and ‘feeling’ the HR practices and approaches from their ‘home’ organisation as well as working within the approaches set out for the partnership arrangement. Studies that have looked at multi-employer networks – such as management consultants, corporate accountants, agency or supply workers – show that the employment relationship is in effect managed across two firms (for example Marchington et al 2011). Difficulties can arise in the arrangement because of the different ‘felt HR’ experienced by staff who are directly employed by different organisations (Marchington et al 2009).HR needs to consider the potential for the HR approach that employees experience to impact on the partnership’s effectiveness, including:• Will there be a loss of control and authority resulting from employees experiencing the HR practices and approaches from their home organisations? • Is it important that employees across the network perceive consistency in their treatment?• Will employee behaviours in another part of the network damage the individual organisations?• How could HR practices and approaches be aligned with the competing business objectives across the network of employers?หน้า 14Summary and what’s nextThe two reports we have produced from our review of the literature on various forms of partnering and collaboration have highlighted essential areas of focus for HR. The first report examined how HR can help address the main business issues faced in partnering arrangements. This report has looked at some of the main questions HR needs to consider when deciding on the most appropriate HR architecture to best support partnership effectiveness. As we have seen, many of the issues faced in partnering arrangements have a strong people dimension to them, providing the opportunity for HR to make a significant contribution to their success. Someone needs to oversee all the parties involved in the people-related aspects of the collaborative business model. Will these people be sourced from HR, or will they be people-savvy business generalists? For customers, or regulators, the answer might not matter; they will just need to be assured that someone is managing the issues involved. But for HR directors, the answer might have a profound impact on the development of their function. Therefore, with this new way of working set to become more prevalent, knowledge and expertise about the challenges and opportunities typically faced in partnering arrangements is vital for competitive advantage.Although both parts of our literature review have enabled us to identify many of the main people-related issues that have to be dealt with in inter-organisation business arrangements, we feel more work is now needed to examine how we address these in practice.Therefore, building on this initial scoping the territory phase of work, the CIPD will be continuing to work with Professor Paul Sparrow from the Centre for Performance-led HR at Lancaster University on a further phase of case study research.
We will work with organisations engaging in a range of partnering arrangements to try to shed more light on how, in practice, HR can manage some of the challenges and opportunities we have highlighted in our review.
’...knowledge and expertise about the challenges and opportunities typically faced in partnering arrangements are vital for competitive advantage.’
หน้า 15
Appendix: methodology
This review summarises the emerging lessons from the inter-organisational studies field of general management research. This research field provides us with some interesting insights into the issues involved when managing beyond the organisation.
Articles were initially sourced through a first stage search of the ABI Inform database, using search phrases of ‘inter-organisation management’, ‘inter-organisational integration’ and ‘inter-organisation’. We examined past studies which have focused on a range of collaborative business arrangements, including (see glossary for definitions of each arrangement):
• joint ventures and strategic alliances
• multi-employer networks
• collaborative business models
• cross-sector social partnerships
• public sector partnering with private and voluntary sector organisations
• supply chains.
The second stage of the search focused in on the overarching themes which had emerged from the first stage. We searched for the three phrases above, in combination with the terms ‘risk’, ‘governance’, ‘relationship management’ and ‘capability-building’. We have focused on papers published since 2000, and have drawn upon some of the key papers that these studies in turn have relied upon. We have also examined management and consulting reports that attest to the importance of the business challenges involved.
In the report itself we have referenced the papers we have drawn directly from, but our review included many more, and all helped to uncover the main themes we discuss.
Why is this type of literature review important?
1 First, if HR functions are to speak the language of business, and contribute to strategic agendas, they need to consider the messages from general management research into these sorts of business relationships.
2 Second, the research shows that there is already a useful understanding of the sorts of organisatio
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