Conclusions. The optimum duration of therapy for MRSA
VAP is unknown. Respondents favoured 14 days as an appropriate
duration.
Factors that influence the selection of antibacterial agents
Question 13. For the management of MRSA infections, what
are the top three factors that most influence your antibiotic
choice? (Check three factors.)
Background. The decision-making process relating to the
use and choice of antibiotics is complex [62]. Some important
influences and processes were identified when a range
of decision support systems for antibiotic prescribing were
developed [63–65]. These computerized or paper-based support
systems indicate that clinicians value being able to predict
the likely pathogen and effective antibiotics on the basis
of information relating to patient factors, site of infection,
local susceptibility, and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic
requirements. However, at an individual prescriber level, the
extent of interplay between clinical, experiential, pharmacological,
fiscal and other factors is poorly defined and is subject
to many influences [66–69]. Once the diagnosis is made
or confirmed, the clinical effectiveness of the antibiotic for a
particular setting, the availability of microbiological and local
resistance data, the severity and site of infection and patient
factors such as comorbidity or potential for drug interactions
are all considered to be important in the decision of
whether or not to prescribe an antibiotic.
Local guidelines and their availability also appear to inform
this process. For example, a clinical consensus conference
examined the ‘real-world’ management of S. aureus bloodstream
infections through a methodology similar to ours
[70]. In this survey, local epidemiology and individual risk factors
appeared to be the main determinants for the initiation
of empirical MRSA treatment [70], but the determinants for
choice of antibiotic were not explored.
Therefore, a broader understanding of this process for
managing a range of MRSA infections warrants further evaluation,
so that researchers and policy-makers developing clinical
guidance can inform this process.
Responses. The results indicate, as one would expect, that
the clinical efficacy of the antibiotic was the factor most
frequently chosen by the faculty members and ECCMID delegates
as crucial to choosing an antibiotic for managing MRSA
infection (Fig. 8). Antibiotic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics
and individual patient factors, such as age, comorbidity,
and previous antibiotic use, were also considered to be
important by the majority of respondents. A smaller
proportion of respondents considered a desire or requirement
to use local/national formulary guidance as an important
factor in determining antibiotic choice. Potential for drug
interactions, economic advantages (such as reduced length of
stay) and drug cost were considered to be important by
some respondents, whereas patient preference was not.
Severity of illness as a specific factor governing antibiotic
choice was not specifically asked for in the survey, although
comorbility, which was asked for, may be considered as a
surrogate for illness severity.
Conclusions. The top three factors in the choice of an antibiotic
for treatment of MRSA infection are efficacy, pharmacodynamic
performance, and patient factors. These data
suggest that clinicians value, above all, the clinical efficacy of
an antibiotic combined with its ability to effectively achieve
optimal activity at the site of infection and to be effective in
vulnerable patients with complex comorbidities.
Question 14. For the management of MRSA infections, what
are the top three health economic factors that most influence
your antibiotic choice? (Check three factors.)
Background. Health economic evaluation of the impact of
new therapies is now considered to be an essential component
of new drug assessment in many countries [71].
Whether these economic evaluations are used at the three
levels of decision-making—central, local, and individual physician—is
uncertain. A systematic review (55 articles) of selfreported
attitudes of healthcare decision-makers regarding
economic evaluations of medical technologies was recently
published [72]. This revealed that, for physicians, 36% of
studies reported economic evaluation as a major influence
on health policy decisions, 57% reported it as a moderate
influence, and 14% reported it as a minor influence. A number
of barriers to the use of economic evaluations in the
decision-making process were reported. The types of economic
evaluation undertaken and the outcomes measures
are variable. Commonly reported economic outcomes
include length of stay, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs),
drug costs, and cost of episode of infection [73–76]. Data on
the economic value of specific antibiotics for a range of
infections have also been published [77]. Currently, these
outcomes are primarily reported from a hospital or payer
perspective [78].
Responses. ECCMID delegates and the faculty members
agreed that reduced length of stay was one of three important
economic outcomes that were valued in the process of
selecting a treatment for MRSA infections (Fig. 9). Reduced
time in the ICU and duration of IV therapy were also considered
to be important by ECCMID delegates, whereas the
faculty members appeared to give more weight to reducing
overall cost of care for an episode of infection. Despite the
availability of QoL data for VAP in both groups surveyed,
only 30% valued QoL measures such as QALY, presumably
reflecting their perceived uncertain value in acute as opposed
to chronic infections [79].
Conclusions. These responses are of interest to those who
develop policy for treatment of MRSA infections, and who
may want to consider formulary agents that offer healthcare
resource benefits, such as a potential to reduce length of stay
by reducing time on mechanical ventilation for VAP, or reducing
duration of IV therapy—either by early IV-to-oral switch,
or by discharging patients on ambulatory IV therapy. On the
other hand, the impact of antibiotic selection on QALYs may
be deemed to be more valuable in those infections where
there is a medium-term to long-term impact on QoL. QALYs
may also offer a useful means of allowing comparative choices
to be made between different therapeutic approaches.
บทสรุปของการ ระยะเวลาสูงสุดของการรักษา MRSAโกวัปไม่รู้จัก ตอบ favoured 14 วันเป็นที่เหมาะสมระยะเวลาการปัจจัยที่มีอิทธิพลต่อการเลือกตัวแทนต้านเชื้อแบคทีเรียคำถาม 13 สำหรับการจัดการของการติดเชื้อ MRSA อะไรเป็นปัจจัยอันดับ 3 ส่วนใหญ่มีผลกระทบต่อยาปฏิชีวนะของคุณเลือกหรือไม่ (ตรวจสอบปัจจัยที่สาม)พื้นหลัง กระบวนการตัดสินใจที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการใช้และเลือกยาปฏิชีวนะมีความซับซ้อน [62] สำคัญบางอิทธิพลและกระบวนได้ระบุเมื่อช่วงของการตัดสินใจ ระบบสนับสนุนการกำหนดยาปฏิชีวนะได้พัฒนา [63 – 65] เหล่านี้ ใช้กระดาษ หรือคอมพิวเตอร์สนับสนุนระบบบ่งชี้ความสามารถในการทำนายค่า cliniciansการศึกษาแนวโน้มและยาปฏิชีวนะที่มีประสิทธิภาพบนพื้นฐานข้อมูลที่เกี่ยวข้องกับตัวผู้ป่วย ของ การติดเชื้อภูมิไวรับท้องถิ่น และ pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamicความต้องการ อย่างไรก็ตาม ที่ระดับ prescriber การละ การขอบเขตของล้อระหว่างทางคลินิก ผ่าน pharmacologicalงบประมาณและปัจจัยอื่น ๆ ถูกกำหนดงาน และอยู่การหลายอิทธิพล [66 – 69] เมื่อทำการวินิจฉัยปฏิทิน ประสิทธิผลทางคลินิกของยาปฏิชีวนะสำหรับการโดยเฉพาะที่ตั้ง ความพร้อมของท้องถิ่น และทางจุลชีววิทยาข้อมูลความต้านทาน ความรุนแรง และเว็บไซต์ของการติดเชื้อและผู้ป่วยปัจจัยเช่น comorbidity หรือศักยภาพสำหรับยาโต้ตอบมีทั้งหมดพิจารณาให้ความสำคัญในการตัดสินใจของwhether or not to prescribe an antibiotic.Local guidelines and their availability also appear to informthis process. For example, a clinical consensus conferenceexamined the ‘real-world’ management of S. aureus bloodstreaminfections through a methodology similar to ours[70]. In this survey, local epidemiology and individual risk factorsappeared to be the main determinants for the initiationof empirical MRSA treatment [70], but the determinants forchoice of antibiotic were not explored.Therefore, a broader understanding of this process formanaging a range of MRSA infections warrants further evaluation,so that researchers and policy-makers developing clinicalguidance can inform this process.Responses. The results indicate, as one would expect, thatthe clinical efficacy of the antibiotic was the factor mostfrequently chosen by the faculty members and ECCMID delegatesas crucial to choosing an antibiotic for managing MRSAinfection (Fig. 8). Antibiotic pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamicsand individual patient factors, such as age, comorbidity,and previous antibiotic use, were also considered to beimportant by the majority of respondents. A smallerproportion of respondents considered a desire or requirementto use local/national formulary guidance as an importantfactor in determining antibiotic choice. Potential for druginteractions, economic advantages (such as reduced length ofstay) and drug cost were considered to be important bysome respondents, whereas patient preference was not.
Severity of illness as a specific factor governing antibiotic
choice was not specifically asked for in the survey, although
comorbility, which was asked for, may be considered as a
surrogate for illness severity.
Conclusions. The top three factors in the choice of an antibiotic
for treatment of MRSA infection are efficacy, pharmacodynamic
performance, and patient factors. These data
suggest that clinicians value, above all, the clinical efficacy of
an antibiotic combined with its ability to effectively achieve
optimal activity at the site of infection and to be effective in
vulnerable patients with complex comorbidities.
Question 14. For the management of MRSA infections, what
are the top three health economic factors that most influence
your antibiotic choice? (Check three factors.)
Background. Health economic evaluation of the impact of
new therapies is now considered to be an essential component
of new drug assessment in many countries [71].
Whether these economic evaluations are used at the three
levels of decision-making—central, local, and individual physician—is
uncertain. A systematic review (55 articles) of selfreported
attitudes of healthcare decision-makers regarding
economic evaluations of medical technologies was recently
published [72]. This revealed that, for physicians, 36% of
studies reported economic evaluation as a major influence
on health policy decisions, 57% reported it as a moderate
influence, and 14% reported it as a minor influence. A number
of barriers to the use of economic evaluations in the
decision-making process were reported. The types of economic
evaluation undertaken and the outcomes measures
are variable. Commonly reported economic outcomes
include length of stay, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs),
drug costs, and cost of episode of infection [73–76]. Data on
the economic value of specific antibiotics for a range of
infections have also been published [77]. Currently, these
outcomes are primarily reported from a hospital or payer
perspective [78].
Responses. ECCMID delegates and the faculty members
agreed that reduced length of stay was one of three important
economic outcomes that were valued in the process of
selecting a treatment for MRSA infections (Fig. 9). Reduced
time in the ICU and duration of IV therapy were also considered
to be important by ECCMID delegates, whereas the
faculty members appeared to give more weight to reducing
overall cost of care for an episode of infection. Despite the
availability of QoL data for VAP in both groups surveyed,
only 30% valued QoL measures such as QALY, presumably
reflecting their perceived uncertain value in acute as opposed
to chronic infections [79].
Conclusions. These responses are of interest to those who
develop policy for treatment of MRSA infections, and who
may want to consider formulary agents that offer healthcare
resource benefits, such as a potential to reduce length of stay
by reducing time on mechanical ventilation for VAP, or reducing
duration of IV therapy—either by early IV-to-oral switch,
or by discharging patients on ambulatory IV therapy. On the
other hand, the impact of antibiotic selection on QALYs may
be deemed to be more valuable in those infections where
there is a medium-term to long-term impact on QoL. QALYs
may also offer a useful means of allowing comparative choices
to be made between different therapeutic approaches.
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