Four sites characterized by different
disturbance regimes through land use (logging,
agriculture) were selected within the reserve and
in close proximity to it: a primary forest site,
located 2 km uphill of the Waterfall area, a
secondary forest site near the sanctuary entrance,
an old growth rubber plantation of approximately
5 ha in close vicinity to the reserve, and a ruderal
area (wasteland) near the reserves management
house of 1 ha size. The primary forest site (PF)
was characterized by dense under growth, a high
proportion of large trees and a closed multi-layered
canopy. The secondary forest site (SF) was more
open, with multiple gaps in the canopy. Nevertheless,
the overall degree of disturbance was low