Proposition 2. Following NPM, organizational change is reinforced by IS as they affect how to plan
and control activities related to the achievement of goals.
From the point of view of PG, the focus is on tools that make public organizations more accessible and
that allow citizens to control the public body’s actions. At European level (the European Convention,
art. 49), the focus is on the organizational mechanisms that are closely related to administrative
processes and, in particular, with the right of access and the introduction of a leading authority or
administrator of procedure who controls, validates and guarantees transparency of public action [16,28].
The introduction of these tools modifies not only the general conception of the Weberian bureaucracy,
but also work practices. Civil servants should develop not only a new role but also different work
practices that imply a simple and less bureaucratic relationship with the public: the development of
electronically-provided services could support the change in the functions performed by administrators
and the numerous different bureaucratic steps involved [16]. The possibility for citizens to control and
participate in the activity of public organizations is increased with the adoption of IS, with special regard
to front-end applications (e-services). IS support the access to information, allowing the identification
of each step of the process and the control of timescales. Moreover, they offer the “state of the art” not