Willingness to pay to avoid health risks from road-traffic-related air
pollution and noise across five countries
We conducted a multi-country study to estimate the perceived economic values of traffic-related air pollution
and noise health risks within the framework of a large European project. We used contingent valuation as a
method to assess the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for both types of pollutants simultaneously. We asked respondents
how much they would be willing to pay annually to avoid certain health risks from specific pollutants.
Three sets of vignettes with different levels of information were provided prior to the WTP questions. These vignettes
described qualitative general health risks, a quantitative single health risk related to a pollutant, and a
quantitative scenario of combined health risks related to a pollutant. The mean WTP estimates to avoid roadtraffic
air pollution effects for the three vignettes were: €130 per person per year (pp/y) for general health
risks, €80 pp/y for a half year shorter in life expectancy, and €330 pp/y to a 50% decrease in road-traffic air pollution.
Their medians were €40 pp/y, €10 pp/y and €50 pp/y, respectively. The mean WTP estimates to avoid
road-traffic noise effects for the three vignettes were: €90 pp/y for general health risks, €100 pp/y for a 13% increase
in severe annoyance, and €320 pp/y for a combined-risk scenario related to an increase of a noise level
from 50 dB to 65 dB. Their medians were €20 pp/y, €20 pp/y and €50 pp/y, respectively. Risk perceptions and
attitudes as well as environmental and pollutant concerns significantly affected WTP estimates. The observed differences
in crude WTP estimates between countries changed considerably when perception-related variables
were included in theWTP regression models. For this reason, great care should be taken when performing benefit
transfer from studies in one country to another
Willingness to pay to avoid health risks from road-traffic-related air
pollution and noise across five countries
We conducted a multi-country study to estimate the perceived economic values of traffic-related air pollution
and noise health risks within the framework of a large European project. We used contingent valuation as a
method to assess the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for both types of pollutants simultaneously. We asked respondents
how much they would be willing to pay annually to avoid certain health risks from specific pollutants.
Three sets of vignettes with different levels of information were provided prior to the WTP questions. These vignettes
described qualitative general health risks, a quantitative single health risk related to a pollutant, and a
quantitative scenario of combined health risks related to a pollutant. The mean WTP estimates to avoid roadtraffic
air pollution effects for the three vignettes were: €130 per person per year (pp/y) for general health
risks, €80 pp/y for a half year shorter in life expectancy, and €330 pp/y to a 50% decrease in road-traffic air pollution.
Their medians were €40 pp/y, €10 pp/y and €50 pp/y, respectively. The mean WTP estimates to avoid
road-traffic noise effects for the three vignettes were: €90 pp/y for general health risks, €100 pp/y for a 13% increase
in severe annoyance, and €320 pp/y for a combined-risk scenario related to an increase of a noise level
from 50 dB to 65 dB. Their medians were €20 pp/y, €20 pp/y and €50 pp/y, respectively. Risk perceptions and
attitudes as well as environmental and pollutant concerns significantly affected WTP estimates. The observed differences
in crude WTP estimates between countries changed considerably when perception-related variables
were included in theWTP regression models. For this reason, great care should be taken when performing benefit
transfer from studies in one country to another
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