The studies that are reviewed pertain to rural societies. This is important for two reasons. The first is that migration between Mexico and the United States continues to be a predominantly rural phenomenon, in terms of both the historic and new migratory regions (Durand & Massey 2003). The escalation of indigenous migration to the United States, originating primarily from rural communities in states in the south of Mexico, has once again begun to ruralize migration between Mexico and the United States. At the same time, Mexican labor continues to be indispensable to the agricultural sector of the US economy, which maintains the relevance of rural migration (Durand & Massey 2003). Finally, since the 1990s, there has been an explosion of legal recruitment programs for temporary agricultural and packing workers in the United States and Canada, which have been directed specifically at rural communities (Becerril Quintana 2010, Durand & Massey 2003).