may be high even though the insulation may not be dry. Because IR varies inversely with temperature, the transformer temperature should be kept approximately constant during the drying period to obtain comparative read- ings. As the transformer is heated, the presence of moisture will be evident by the rapid drop in resistance measurement. Following this period the IR will generally increase gradually until near the end of the drying period, when it will increase more rapidly. Sometimes it will rise and fall through a short range before steadying, because moisture in the interior of the insulation is working out through the initially dried portions. A curve with time as abscissa and resistance as ordinate should be plotted and the run should be continued until the resistance levels off and remains relatively constant for 3 to 4 h.
IR measurements should be taken for each winding-to-ground, with all wind- ings grounded except the one being tested. Before taking IR measurements, the current should be interrupted and the winding should be short circuited and grounded for at least 1 min to drain off any static charge. All readings should be for the same time of application of test voltage, preferably 1 min.
Constant attendance during the drying process is desirable. It is advisable to have a suitable fire extinguisher convenient for use in the event of an emergency.
5.7.2.6 Storage
Ventilated dry-type transformers preferably should be stored in a warm dry location with uniform temperature. Ventilating openings should be covered to keep out dust. If it is necessary to leave a transformer outdoors, it should be thoroughly protected to prevent moisture and foreign material from enter- ing. Condensation and the absorption of moisture can be prevented or greatly reduced by the immediate installation of space heaters or other small electric heaters. If more convenient, incandescent lamps may be substituted for the space heaters. For three-phase transformer rated at 750 kVA and below, use six 150 W lamps; above 750 kVA three phase, use six 300 W lamps or the equivalent. Two lamps should be located under each coil, one on each side of the core. Lamps or heaters should be kept 4– 6 in. from transformer coils and should never be allowed to come in contact with transformer coil insulation.
5.7.3 Liquid-Type Transformer
The following guide covers general recommendations for installation and maintenance of liquid-filled transformers. Many factors listed for dry-type transformers are also applicable to liquid-filled transformers and will not be discussed further.
5.7.3.1 Installation
The transformer should be installed in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Document 70, NEC Article 450. Because of the ban on askarel for use as a transformer insulating fluid, liquids such
as silicone, RTemp, and others are being used. These new liquids have a fire point of not less than 300°C and the NEC has classified these fluids as less flammable. The oil filled transformers, if installed indoor have to be installed in a fireproof vault in accordance with NEC Article 450. Therefore, they are usually installed outdoors with an oil pit (oil contain- ment enclosure) filled with gravel or stones to contain the oil in case of spill. The gravel and stones serve the purpose of inhibiting the oil from pooling in case of fire (see Figure 5.15). It is very important that local and NEC regulations be followed when installing transformers filled with these fluids.
One factor of importance for transformer installation is ventilation. Adequate ventilation should be provided in transformer rooms and vaults to carry transformer heat away. Self-cooled transformers should have adequate (2 to 3 ft) space between each unit to provide free air movement. The ventila- tion should be dust-free, dry, and noncorrosive, and should not contain any detrimental contaminants. As with dry-type transformers, precautions should be taken to prevent leakage of water into transformer rooms. The tank of the transformer should be permanently grounded by means of 4/0 cable or larger to the substation grounding bus. The transformer should be protected against lightning and other overvoltage conditions by proper lightning arresters.
FIGURE 5.15
A three-phase oil filled power transformer.
may be high even though the insulation may not be dry. Because IR varies inversely with temperature, the transformer temperature should be kept approximately constant during the drying period to obtain comparative read- ings. As the transformer is heated, the presence of moisture will be evident by the rapid drop in resistance measurement. Following this period the IR will generally increase gradually until near the end of the drying period, when it will increase more rapidly. Sometimes it will rise and fall through a short range before steadying, because moisture in the interior of the insulation is working out through the initially dried portions. A curve with time as abscissa and resistance as ordinate should be plotted and the run should be continued until the resistance levels off and remains relatively constant for 3 to 4 h.
IR measurements should be taken for each winding-to-ground, with all wind- ings grounded except the one being tested. Before taking IR measurements, the current should be interrupted and the winding should be short circuited and grounded for at least 1 min to drain off any static charge. All readings should be for the same time of application of test voltage, preferably 1 min.
Constant attendance during the drying process is desirable. It is advisable to have a suitable fire extinguisher convenient for use in the event of an emergency.
5.7.2.6 Storage
Ventilated dry-type transformers preferably should be stored in a warm dry location with uniform temperature. Ventilating openings should be covered to keep out dust. If it is necessary to leave a transformer outdoors, it should be thoroughly protected to prevent moisture and foreign material from enter- ing. Condensation and the absorption of moisture can be prevented or greatly reduced by the immediate installation of space heaters or other small electric heaters. If more convenient, incandescent lamps may be substituted for the space heaters. For three-phase transformer rated at 750 kVA and below, use six 150 W lamps; above 750 kVA three phase, use six 300 W lamps or the equivalent. Two lamps should be located under each coil, one on each side of the core. Lamps or heaters should be kept 4– 6 in. from transformer coils and should never be allowed to come in contact with transformer coil insulation.
5.7.3 Liquid-Type Transformer
The following guide covers general recommendations for installation and maintenance of liquid-filled transformers. Many factors listed for dry-type transformers are also applicable to liquid-filled transformers and will not be discussed further.
5.7.3.1 Installation
The transformer should be installed in accordance with National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Document 70, NEC Article 450. Because of the ban on askarel for use as a transformer insulating fluid, liquids such
as silicone, RTemp, and others are being used. These new liquids have a fire point of not less than 300°C and the NEC has classified these fluids as less flammable. The oil filled transformers, if installed indoor have to be installed in a fireproof vault in accordance with NEC Article 450. Therefore, they are usually installed outdoors with an oil pit (oil contain- ment enclosure) filled with gravel or stones to contain the oil in case of spill. The gravel and stones serve the purpose of inhibiting the oil from pooling in case of fire (see Figure 5.15). It is very important that local and NEC regulations be followed when installing transformers filled with these fluids.
One factor of importance for transformer installation is ventilation. Adequate ventilation should be provided in transformer rooms and vaults to carry transformer heat away. Self-cooled transformers should have adequate (2 to 3 ft) space between each unit to provide free air movement. The ventila- tion should be dust-free, dry, and noncorrosive, and should not contain any detrimental contaminants. As with dry-type transformers, precautions should be taken to prevent leakage of water into transformer rooms. The tank of the transformer should be permanently grounded by means of 4/0 cable or larger to the substation grounding bus. The transformer should be protected against lightning and other overvoltage conditions by proper lightning arresters.
FIGURE 5.15
A three-phase oil filled power transformer.
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