Introduction
“Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common, primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity” [1]. The World Health Organization estimated that the number of people with diabetes in age range of 45-64 yr old would be more that 140 million in developing countries and more than 30 million in developed countries by 2030 [2]. Therefore, the global burden of diabetes on health and economy will continue to rise [3].
It is well known that diet and lifestyle play an important role in the glycemic control and consequently, in development of type 2 diabetes [4]. Obesity is a major risk factor contributing in development of diabetes. Several studies indicated that about 80–90% of patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Excessive energy intake and obesity leads to insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction [5]. Hence, energy restriction and weight loss plays an important role in preventing type 2 diabetes progress in overweight or obese patients. In addition, a 5 to 10% weight loss can significantly reduce diabetes-related complications by improving glycemic control, lipid profiles and blood pressure [6].
Nowadays, besides life style modification, most researches focus on using of complementary medicine for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes [7].
Royal jelly is a viscous and milky substance secreted by the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) and is an essential food for both the queen and her larvae [8]. Royal jelly comprises 60–70% water, 10–12% carbohydrates, 12–15% proteins, 3–7% lipids. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) is a characteristic fatty acid of royal jelly which found only in royal jelly in nature [9]. Based on unique composition of royal jelly, recently in vivo and in vitro studies focused on its health promoting characteristics such as hypotensive [10], anti-hypercholesterolemic [11], anti-inflammatory [12], anti-tumor [13], antioxidant [14] and weight management effects [15].
Royal jelly exerts beneficial effects on energy metabolism and pancreatic lipase activity [15-18]. In addition, in human study royal jelly supplementation had positive effects on body composition [19]. Taking into account, the important role of weight management in overweight or obese diabetic patients and to the best of our knowledge there is no human study about the effect of royal jelly on body weight and dietary intakes in type 2 diabetic females, therefore, we investigated the effects of royal jelly supplementation on body weight, total daily energy and macronutrients intakes in diabetic females.
Introduction
“Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common, primarily because of increases in the prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle and obesity” [1]. The World Health Organization estimated that the number of people with diabetes in age range of 45-64 yr old would be more that 140 million in developing countries and more than 30 million in developed countries by 2030 [2]. Therefore, the global burden of diabetes on health and economy will continue to rise [3].
It is well known that diet and lifestyle play an important role in the glycemic control and consequently, in development of type 2 diabetes [4]. Obesity is a major risk factor contributing in development of diabetes. Several studies indicated that about 80–90% of patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Excessive energy intake and obesity leads to insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction [5]. Hence, energy restriction and weight loss plays an important role in preventing type 2 diabetes progress in overweight or obese patients. In addition, a 5 to 10% weight loss can significantly reduce diabetes-related complications by improving glycemic control, lipid profiles and blood pressure [6].
Nowadays, besides life style modification, most researches focus on using of complementary medicine for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes [7].
Royal jelly is a viscous and milky substance secreted by the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) and is an essential food for both the queen and her larvae [8]. Royal jelly comprises 60–70% water, 10–12% carbohydrates, 12–15% proteins, 3–7% lipids. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10H2DA) is a characteristic fatty acid of royal jelly which found only in royal jelly in nature [9]. Based on unique composition of royal jelly, recently in vivo and in vitro studies focused on its health promoting characteristics such as hypotensive [10], anti-hypercholesterolemic [11], anti-inflammatory [12], anti-tumor [13], antioxidant [14] and weight management effects [15].
Royal jelly exerts beneficial effects on energy metabolism and pancreatic lipase activity [15-18]. In addition, in human study royal jelly supplementation had positive effects on body composition [19]. Taking into account, the important role of weight management in overweight or obese diabetic patients and to the best of our knowledge there is no human study about the effect of royal jelly on body weight and dietary intakes in type 2 diabetic females, therefore, we investigated the effects of royal jelly supplementation on body weight, total daily energy and macronutrients intakes in diabetic females.
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