The NAPQI mediated necrotic hepatocytes release various damage-associated molecular pattern
(DAMP) molecules, such as high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), that binds to the toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages and activates the infiltration of immune cells, thus triggering the
release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6