Analysis of the surface, secreted, and intracellular proteome of Propionibacterium acnes
Yang Yua, b, Jackson Champera, Jenny Kima, c, ,
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doi:10.1016/j.euprot.2015.06.003
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Highlights
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We quantify the secreted, cell wall, membrane, and cytosolic proteome of P. acnes.
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531 proteins were identified and analyzed for localization and function.
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Several surface proteins were identified as potential vaccine candidates.
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes, plays an important role in acne vulgaris and other diseases. However, understanding of the exact mechanisms of P. acnes pathogenesis is limited. Few studies have investigated its proteome, which is essential for vaccine development. Here, we comprehensively investigate the proteome of P. acnes strain ATCC 6919, including secreted, cell wall, membrane, and cytosolic fractions in three types of growth media. A total of 531 proteins were quantified using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer and bioinformatically categorized for localization and function. Several, including PPA1939, a highly expressed surface and secreted protein, were identified as potential vaccine candidates.
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Keywords
Acne; Proteomics; Mass spectrometry; Cell wall
1. Introduction
Acne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. With at least 85% prevalence among 12–24 year olds, it can cause long-term scarring and have a major psychological impact on individuals [1]. The gram-positive, anaerobic species Propionibacterium acnes has been traditionally implicated in the development of acne vulgaris [2]. It is also a significant organism in infections of the prostate [3], prosthetic joints [4], other surgical implants [5], spinal discs [6], and ophthalmic infections [7]. Unfortunately, the bacteria in many cases are resistant to antibiotic therapy [8] and [9], and other treatments often have low patient compliance [10]. Thus, the need exists for novel approaches to develop treatments that are more effective against P. acnes and have fewer side effects.
A vaccine may be an efficient means to protect against multiple types of infections caused by P. acnes [11] and [12]. Several recent studies have investigated this possibility. Antibodies generated by mouse intranasal vaccination of heat-killed P. acnes reduced P. acnes-induced IL-8 inflammation and cytotoxicity in sebocytes [13], though this study used an in vitro experimental system. Vaccination with heat-killed P. acnes reduced the severity of disease and inflammation in a P. acnes ear infection mouse model. The same group generated antibodies against P. acnes surface sialidase [14], which had similar effects in sebocytes. Vaccination with the sialidase [14], as well as with Christie–Atkins–Munch-Peterson (CAMP) factor 2 [15] and [16], also successfully reduced inflammation in mouse ear infections. However, this mouse model is not necessarily representative of the environment in acne vulgaris, in which an inflammatory response may act to either quickly clear P. acnes, or worsen the disease state. A better in vivo model is needed to further investigate vaccines.
In addition to its potential protective effects against acne, a P. acnes-based vaccine may also have other beneficial effects. Heat-killed P. acnes reduced atopic dermatitis in a mouse model, and increased the number of Th1 and Treg cells in the spleen [17]. A heat-killed P. acnes vaccine was also cross-protective against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in mouse and pig models, inducing cross-reactive antibodies [18]. Specific P. acnes proteins could induce cross-reactive antibodies and protection in the A. pleuropneumoniae mouse model [19]. Intratumoral injection of live P. acnes was successful in increasing the antitumor Th1 immune response in a melanoma mouse model [20]. A P. acnes vaccine improved glomerulosclerosis in a mouse model via a Th1 response [21]. Several vaccine studies have also utilized P. acnes as an adjuvant. A microparticle preparation of P. acnes cell wall increased Th1 response to vaccination [22], and heat-killed P. acnes increased activation of B-1 lymphocytes [23].
P. acnes remains a largely understudied organism, with little information available to investigate additional vaccine candidates. Only four studies have covered the P. acnes proteome, none of which were comprehensive. Holland et al. examined the secreted proteome of several types of P. acnes, discovering interesting differences between types [24]. Dekio et al. identified several proteins expressed by P. acnes in anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions, but not aerobic conditions [25]. Mak et al. assessed the surface proteome of P. acnes using trypsin shaving, comparing it to other Propionibacterium species [26]. Bek-Thomsen et al. examined the proteome of sebaceous follicular casts, which included several P. acnes proteins [27]. However, none of these stu
วิเคราะห์ proteome ผิว secreted และ intracellular ของสิว Propionibacteriumยางเฉียวเยา b, Jackson Champera คิมาเจนนี่ c,, ดูเพิ่มเติมdoi:10.1016/j.euprot.2015.06.003ได้รับสิทธิและเนื้อหาภายใต้ใบอนุญาตครีเอทีฟคอมมอนส์ไฮไลท์•เรากำหนดปริมาณการ secreted เซลล์ผนัง เมมเบรน และ proteome ของสิว P. cytosolic•โปรตีน 531 ได้ระบุ และวิเคราะห์แปลและฟังก์ชัน•โปรตีนหลายพื้นผิวที่ระบุเป็นผู้วัคซีนที่มีศักยภาพบทคัดย่อสิว Propionibacterium มีบทบาทสำคัญใน vulgaris สิวและโรคอื่น ๆ อย่างไรก็ตาม ความเข้าใจกลไกที่แน่นอนของพยาธิกำเนิดสิว P. ถูกจำกัด การศึกษาน้อยได้สืบสวน proteome เป็น ซึ่งเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นสำหรับการพัฒนาวัคซีน ที่นี่ เราสาธารณชนตรวจสอบ proteome ต้องใช้สิว P. ATCC 6919 รวมทั้ง secreted ผนังเซลล์ เยื่อ และเศษส่วน cytosolic ในสามชนิดของสื่อที่เติบโต จำนวน 531 โปรตีนถูก quantified โดยใช้สเปกโตรมิเตอร์โดยรวม Orbitrap และ bioinformatically แยกประเภทสำหรับการแปลและการทำงาน หลาย PPA1939 พื้นผิวแสดงสูงและโปรตีน secreted รวมทั้งได้ระบุเป็นผู้วัคซีนที่มีศักยภาพบทคัดย่อรูปภาพรูปภาพสำหรับรูป unlabelledตัวเลือกรูปคำสำคัญสิว โปรตีโอมิกส์ รเมท ผนังเซลล์1. บทนำAcne vulgaris is an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. With at least 85% prevalence among 12–24 year olds, it can cause long-term scarring and have a major psychological impact on individuals [1]. The gram-positive, anaerobic species Propionibacterium acnes has been traditionally implicated in the development of acne vulgaris [2]. It is also a significant organism in infections of the prostate [3], prosthetic joints [4], other surgical implants [5], spinal discs [6], and ophthalmic infections [7]. Unfortunately, the bacteria in many cases are resistant to antibiotic therapy [8] and [9], and other treatments often have low patient compliance [10]. Thus, the need exists for novel approaches to develop treatments that are more effective against P. acnes and have fewer side effects.A vaccine may be an efficient means to protect against multiple types of infections caused by P. acnes [11] and [12]. Several recent studies have investigated this possibility. Antibodies generated by mouse intranasal vaccination of heat-killed P. acnes reduced P. acnes-induced IL-8 inflammation and cytotoxicity in sebocytes [13], though this study used an in vitro experimental system. Vaccination with heat-killed P. acnes reduced the severity of disease and inflammation in a P. acnes ear infection mouse model. The same group generated antibodies against P. acnes surface sialidase [14], which had similar effects in sebocytes. Vaccination with the sialidase [14], as well as with Christie–Atkins–Munch-Peterson (CAMP) factor 2 [15] and [16], also successfully reduced inflammation in mouse ear infections. However, this mouse model is not necessarily representative of the environment in acne vulgaris, in which an inflammatory response may act to either quickly clear P. acnes, or worsen the disease state. A better in vivo model is needed to further investigate vaccines.In addition to its potential protective effects against acne, a P. acnes-based vaccine may also have other beneficial effects. Heat-killed P. acnes reduced atopic dermatitis in a mouse model, and increased the number of Th1 and Treg cells in the spleen [17]. A heat-killed P. acnes vaccine was also cross-protective against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in mouse and pig models, inducing cross-reactive antibodies [18]. Specific P. acnes proteins could induce cross-reactive antibodies and protection in the A. pleuropneumoniae mouse model [19]. Intratumoral injection of live P. acnes was successful in increasing the antitumor Th1 immune response in a melanoma mouse model [20]. A P. acnes vaccine improved glomerulosclerosis in a mouse model via a Th1 response [21]. Several vaccine studies have also utilized P. acnes as an adjuvant. A microparticle preparation of P. acnes cell wall increased Th1 response to vaccination [22], and heat-killed P. acnes increased activation of B-1 lymphocytes [23].P. acnes remains a largely understudied organism, with little information available to investigate additional vaccine candidates. Only four studies have covered the P. acnes proteome, none of which were comprehensive. Holland et al. examined the secreted proteome of several types of P. acnes, discovering interesting differences between types [24]. Dekio et al. identified several proteins expressed by P. acnes in anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions, but not aerobic conditions [25]. Mak et al. assessed the surface proteome of P. acnes using trypsin shaving, comparing it to other Propionibacterium species [26]. Bek-Thomsen et al. examined the proteome of sebaceous follicular casts, which included several P. acnes proteins [27]. However, none of these stu
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