A 1993 study by the European federation for Transport and Environment found that car transport is seven times as costly as rail travel in terms of the external social costs it entails - congestion, accidents, pollution, loss of cropland and natural habitats, depletion of oil resources, and so on. Yet easily surpass trains or buses as a flexible and convenient mode of personal transport. It is unrealistic to expect people to gives up private cars in favour of mass transit.