in the overt retrieval condition. Retrieval practice effects of com- parable magnitude were obtained for both overt and covert re- trieval conditions. Once again, practicing retrieval enhanced cate- gory recall on the final test, relative to the no test control condition, but there were no differences in recall of words-per-category, indicating that both overt and covert retrieval improved subjects’ ability to access the categories but did not affect the number of words recalled once a category was accessed.