Open-ended questionnaires of VNOS-D and VOSI-S and follow-up interview are used in this study. VNOS-D
has seven questions based on the theory of NOS proposed by Lederman, involving five aspects of tentative, observation
and inference, subjective, tentativeness and empirically based which is easier to be accepted by teachers
and students in K-12 science curriculum. Two additional abstract aspects are not included which are socially and
culturally embedded and the functions of and relationships between scientific theories and laws. VOSI is composed
of five problem-solving questions based on the theory of knowledge about scientific development process from
Lederman, and mainly used for the survey of scientific process how scientists develop the scientific knowledge,
i.e. “understanding of scientific inquiry”, with nine aspects of scientific inquiry. The process of open-ended questionnaires
and interview includes following stages: collecting, time and quality control, checking in Shanghai and
Chicago with sampling and interview on the scene and internet to explore teachers’ views of NOS and SI. In the
meantime, the effectiveness of questionnaires and interview are reviewed to decide whether to make additional
in-depth interviews with typical teachers by means of on line, telephone or face to face.