As regards EDI between ports, ports in the region vary quite widely across and within member
economies. Using a hypothetical typology of port authorities developed by the Victoria
University authors and replicated below in Table 7, Ningbo Port in China was categorized as
Entrepreneur/Landlord/Local-Regional-Global while Papua New Guinea Ports were classified as
both Facilitator/Landlord/Local-Regional and Conservator/Regulator/Local. In terms of ports
within economies, Vietnamese Ports were categorized as Conservator/Landlord/Local, Conservator/Regulator/Local, Facilitator/Community Manager/Local-Regional, and Entrepreneur/Operator/Local-Regional-Global. Such disparities in port types might prove
challenging for any harmonization efforts.