The materials sampled in the current meta-analysis were in large part
communicative. They differ mainly in the scope and focus in featuring English language in
different contexts of usage.
Some, for instance, may feature language use in the context of
on-the-job interaction. Learners were presumed to have a pre-existing schematic reference
point allowing them to recognize how linguistic forms fit into a specific context of use.
Other materials were not contextualized in any given job-specific format. These may rely
more on learners' world knowledge in the most general sense. The focus for this genre of
materials is to help students associate the form of language with their own communicative
intentions about issues anticipated to be of practical interest.