Finally, efficiency is an empirical claim that needs to be verified by the facts of worker productivity. This debate calls to mind the debate within management theory between the hierarchical scientific management theory of Frederick Taylor and the Theory Y view of management associated with Douglas McGregor. For present purposes, we need only recognize that there is significant evidence that workers who are provided with job security and due process can be more productive than those without. Decent and ethical treat¬ment can be a more effective management tool than threats and control.