In ITAs, partner diversity has a national culture dimension. A number of prior studies on international alliances have indicated that cultural distance complicates the process of organizational learning,inter-partner knowledge transfer, and value creation(Barkema, Bell, & Pennings, 1996; Beamish & Kachra, 2004; Meschi & Riccio, 2008; Simonin,1999; Sirmon & Lane, 2004).