In a study by Boyce and Bruce J. Ellis, published in the journal Development and Psychopathology(2011), children were studied from preschool through ninth grade to see if their family environments influenced the onset of puberty They found that the orchid kids in stable families with healthy parent-child relationships enjoyed a longer childhood than the other children, starting puberty later and going through it more slowly. But the orchid children who were raised in families in which there was conflict between parents, and negativity and coercion in parent-child relationships, started puberty sooner and proceeded through it faster.