4.1.4.2. Discretionary accrual models.There are five well-known time-series
models of discretionary accruals in the literature.53 These are: the DeAngelo
(1986) model, the Healy (1985) model, the industry model used in Dechow and
Sloan (1991), the Jones (1991) model, and the modified-Jones model by
Dechow et al.(1995).Of these only the Jones and modified-Jones models are
commonly used in research in part because they outperform the rest in terms of
specification and power (see Dechow et al., 1995). Thomas and Zhang (1999) dispute Dechow et al.’s finding and conclude ‘‘Only the Kang-Sivaramakrishnan
model, which is coincidentally the least popular model, performs
moderately well.’’ Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995) employ an instrumental
variable approach to estimate discretionary accruals.