3.3. Rheological Thermal Analysis
Rheology is the study of the deformation and flow of matter. Rheological techniques used for thermal analysis measure the change in the rheological characteristics of a sample as a function of temperature. A sample is usually contained in a measurement cell whose temperature can be varied in a systematic fashion. A stress is applied to the sample and the resulting strain is measured (or vice versa). The relationship between the stress and strain gives information about the rheological properties of the material being tested. The stress can be applied to a material in a number of different ways (e.g., shear, compression or bending), depending on the type of information required. The stresses used are normally small enough to prevent any changes in the properties of the material during the test. If large stresses were applied to a material they might promote structure breakdown, which would alter the rheological properties of the material during the test.
Rheological thermal analysis techniques are often used to monitor the temperature dependent rheological properties of liquids, gels and solids. For example, they are commonly used to monitor the temperature dependence of the shear modulus of fatty foods, the viscosity of biopolymer solutions, and the shear modulus of biopolymer gels. These techniques provide useful information about the temperature at which thermal transitions occur, the rate at which these changes occur and the final rheological properties of the food. This type of information is used by food scientists to design foods with improved properties, and to optimize processing conditions.
3.4. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
DTA and DSC techniques rely on changes in the heat absorbed or released by a material as its temperature is varied at a controlled rate. These changes occur when components within a food undergo some type of phase transition (e.g. crystallization, melting, evaporation, glass transitions, conformational change) or chemical reaction (e.g., oxidation, hydrolysis).
3.4.1. Differential thermal analysis
DTA is defined as "a technique for recording the difference in temperature between a substance and a reference material against time or temperature as the two specimens are subjected to identical temperature regimes in an environment heated or cooled at a controlled rate". A typical instrument consists of two measurement cells that are located in a temperature-controlled environment, whose temperature can be varied in a controlled fashion. The sample to be tested is placed into the "sample cell", while a reference material of known thermal properties (often distilled water) is placed in the "reference cell". The two cells are then heated or cooled together at a controlled rate. The small difference in temperature between the "sample cell" and "reference cell" (DT = Tsample - Treference) is measured using accurate thermocouples placed below the cells as the temperature of the external environment (Texternal) is varied in a controlled fashion. The output of the instrument is therefore a plot of DT versus Texternal. Information about thermal transitions that occur within a sample can be obtained by analyzing the DT versus Texternal thermogram. If the temperature of the "sample cell" is greater than that of the "reference cell" (DT > 0), then the sample has undergone an exothermic reaction, i.e., it has given out heat. Conversely, if the temperature of the "reference cell" is greater than that of the "sample cell" (DT < 0), then the sample has undergone an endothermic reaction, i.e., it has adsorbed heat. The nature of a peak (exothermic, endothermic, shape) provides information about the type of transition(s) occurring. The position of the peak provides information about the temperature that the transition occurs. The area under a peak depends on the amount of material involved in the transition and the enthalpy change per unit amount of material.
3.3 การไหลตัววิเคราะห์ความร้อนใช้งานกับการศึกษาการสลายตัวและกระแสของเรื่องได้ เทคนิคที่ใช้สำหรับการวิเคราะห์ความร้อนไหลตัววัดการเปลี่ยนแปลงในลักษณะการไหลตัวของตัวอย่างเป็นฟังก์ชันของอุณหภูมิ ตัวอย่างมักจะอยู่ในเซลล์วัดอุณหภูมิซึ่งสามารถแตกต่างกันในระบบ ใช้กับตัวอย่างความเครียด และความเครียดส่งผลให้การวัด (หรือในทางกลับกัน) ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความเค้นและความเครียดช่วยให้ข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับคุณสมบัติการไหลของวัสดุถูกทดสอบ ความเครียดสามารถใช้กับวัสดุที่มีในหลายวิธีที่แตกต่างกัน (เช่น แรงเฉือน การบีบอัด หรือดัด), ขึ้นอยู่กับชนิดของข้อมูลที่จำเป็น เครียดที่ใช้มีขนาดเล็กโดยปกติพอเพื่อป้องกันการเปลี่ยนแปลงในคุณสมบัติของวัสดุในระหว่างการทดสอบ ถ้าเครียดขนาดใหญ่ใช้วัสดุพวกเขาอาจส่งเสริมโครงสร้างรายละเอียด ซึ่งจะเปลี่ยนแปลงคุณสมบัติการไหลของวัสดุในระหว่างการทดสอบRheological thermal analysis techniques are often used to monitor the temperature dependent rheological properties of liquids, gels and solids. For example, they are commonly used to monitor the temperature dependence of the shear modulus of fatty foods, the viscosity of biopolymer solutions, and the shear modulus of biopolymer gels. These techniques provide useful information about the temperature at which thermal transitions occur, the rate at which these changes occur and the final rheological properties of the food. This type of information is used by food scientists to design foods with improved properties, and to optimize processing conditions.3.4. Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning CalorimetryDTA and DSC techniques rely on changes in the heat absorbed or released by a material as its temperature is varied at a controlled rate. These changes occur when components within a food undergo some type of phase transition (e.g. crystallization, melting, evaporation, glass transitions, conformational change) or chemical reaction (e.g., oxidation, hydrolysis). 3.4.1. Differential thermal analysisDTA is defined as "a technique for recording the difference in temperature between a substance and a reference material against time or temperature as the two specimens are subjected to identical temperature regimes in an environment heated or cooled at a controlled rate". A typical instrument consists of two measurement cells that are located in a temperature-controlled environment, whose temperature can be varied in a controlled fashion. The sample to be tested is placed into the "sample cell", while a reference material of known thermal properties (often distilled water) is placed in the "reference cell". The two cells are then heated or cooled together at a controlled rate. The small difference in temperature between the "sample cell" and "reference cell" (DT = Tsample - Treference) is measured using accurate thermocouples placed below the cells as the temperature of the external environment (Texternal) is varied in a controlled fashion. The output of the instrument is therefore a plot of DT versus Texternal. Information about thermal transitions that occur within a sample can be obtained by analyzing the DT versus Texternal thermogram. If the temperature of the "sample cell" is greater than that of the "reference cell" (DT > 0), then the sample has undergone an exothermic reaction, i.e., it has given out heat. Conversely, if the temperature of the "reference cell" is greater than that of the "sample cell" (DT < 0), then the sample has undergone an endothermic reaction, i.e., it has adsorbed heat. The nature of a peak (exothermic, endothermic, shape) provides information about the type of transition(s) occurring. The position of the peak provides information about the temperature that the transition occurs. The area under a peak depends on the amount of material involved in the transition and the enthalpy change per unit amount of material.
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