Several limitations of this systematic review should be considered. Articles were not excluded based on their methodological merits. Therefore, although the review is likely quite inclusive, the data by which conclusions are drawn are based largely on nonprobabilistic sam-pling strategies, noncontrolled designs, and instruments that do not have well-established prop-erties and constructs. In addition, no effort was made to identify relevant unpublished articles, dissertations, and studies that may have been excluded from the publication record because of nonsignificant findings. As such, we cannot determine the extent to which publication bias is a factor in our findings. Finally, this review is conceptual only. Findings are based on our impres-sions of the preponderance of the data rather than on a systematic, numerical synthesis of the IPV screening literature.