Discussions on ‘new governance’ are now emphasizing
the importance of partnership, co-production, network,
collaborative programs, and joint projects. The
terms such as policy networks, inter-organizational networks,
network forms of organizations, social networks,
and horizontal government have been used frequently to
refer to new ways of doing business in the public sector
(Powell, 1990). In addition, inter-ministry, inter-agency,
and public-private partnerships are now indispensable
parts of the new governance. There is a clear sign of public
programs and services moving away from “the largescale,
bureaucratic and paternalistic public organizations
(Lowndes & Skelcher, 1998)” that has also characterized
the modern administrative state to more flexible, participatory,
and network-based governance models.