Epidemiological studies suggest that habitual exercise participation is associated with a reduction in osteoporotic fracture risk of up to 50% in older men and women. Currently, randomized controlled trials have only examined the efficacy of exercise in preventing spinal fractures, and this remains an important gap in our knowledge. However, what optimal physical activity participation clearly can do is maximize the attainment of peak bone mass and attenuate age- and menopause-related bone loss, as well as improve the risk factor profile associated with osteoporotic fracture in older adults (such as low muscle mass and strength, poor gait and balance, and depression).
Typical Patterns of Bone Loss with Age
Bone mass begins to decrease well before the menopause in women (as early as the 20’s in the femur of sedentary women), and accelerates in the peri-menopausal years, with continued declines into late old age. Similar patterns are seen in men, without the acceleration related to loss of ovarian function seen in women. As with losses of muscle tissue (sarcopenia), many genetic, lifestyle, nutritional, and disease and medication-related factors enter into the prediction of bone health at a given age. However, a wealth of epidemiologic and experimental data provide evidence for a strong relationship between physical activity and bone health at all ages.49,50 Mechanical loading of the skeleton generally leads to favorable site-specific changes in bone density, morphology, or strength, whereas unloading (in the form of bed rest, immobilization, casting, spinal cord injury, or space travel) produces rapid and sometimes dramatic resorption of bone, mimicking many years of “aging”, and increased susceptibility to fracture. Consistent with such bone density findings, hip fracture incidence has been observed to be as much as 30-50% lower in older adults with a history of higher levels of physical activity in daily life, compared to age-matched, less active individuals. Overall, cross-sectional and prospective cohort data support a relationship between lifetime physical activity patterns and preservation of bone density into old age, as well as a protective effect for hip, humerus and vertebral fractures in both men and women. These reduced risks for fracture remain after adjustment for most major known risk factors for osteoporosis, and are not completely accounted for by alterations in bone density, muscle strength, or fall rates.
ความแนะนำว่า ออกกำลังกายที่เคยมีส่วนร่วมเกี่ยวข้องกับลดเสี่ยง osteoporotic กระดูกถึง 50% ในผู้หญิงและผู้ชายสูงอายุ ปัจจุบัน การทดลองควบคุม randomized ได้เฉพาะตรวจสอบประสิทธิภาพของการออกกำลังกายในการป้องกันไม่ให้กระดูกสันหลังหัก และนี้ยังคงมีช่องว่างที่สำคัญในความรู้ของเรา อย่างไรก็ตาม ใดเข้าร่วมกิจกรรมทางกายภาพที่เหมาะสมชัดเจนสามารถทำคือ ขยายมั่นสูงกระดูกใหญ่ และ attenuate อายุ และวัยหมดประจำเดือนเกี่ยวกับกระดูกขาดทุน เป็นปรับปรุงประวัติปัจจัยเสี่ยงที่เกี่ยวข้องกับกระดูก osteoporotic ในผู้ใหญ่อายุ (เช่นต่ำฟื้นฟูกล้ามเนื้อมวล และความแข็งแรง เดินดี และดุล และภาวะซึมเศร้า) รูปแบบทั่วไปของการสูญเสียกระดูกมีอายุ Bone mass begins to decrease well before the menopause in women (as early as the 20’s in the femur of sedentary women), and accelerates in the peri-menopausal years, with continued declines into late old age. Similar patterns are seen in men, without the acceleration related to loss of ovarian function seen in women. As with losses of muscle tissue (sarcopenia), many genetic, lifestyle, nutritional, and disease and medication-related factors enter into the prediction of bone health at a given age. However, a wealth of epidemiologic and experimental data provide evidence for a strong relationship between physical activity and bone health at all ages.49,50 Mechanical loading of the skeleton generally leads to favorable site-specific changes in bone density, morphology, or strength, whereas unloading (in the form of bed rest, immobilization, casting, spinal cord injury, or space travel) produces rapid and sometimes dramatic resorption of bone, mimicking many years of “aging”, and increased susceptibility to fracture. Consistent with such bone density findings, hip fracture incidence has been observed to be as much as 30-50% lower in older adults with a history of higher levels of physical activity in daily life, compared to age-matched, less active individuals. Overall, cross-sectional and prospective cohort data support a relationship between lifetime physical activity patterns and preservation of bone density into old age, as well as a protective effect for hip, humerus and vertebral fractures in both men and women. These reduced risks for fracture remain after adjustment for most major known risk factors for osteoporosis, and are not completely accounted for by alterations in bone density, muscle strength, or fall rates.
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