The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and the porosity
of the samples were studied by a Nitrogen adsorption–desorption
instrument (Micrometrics, ASAP 2020). All the samples
measured were degassed at 200 C for 2 h prior to actual analysis.
Pore size distribution (PSD) and specific desorption pore volumes
were obtained using the Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method
using the desorption branches. Thermogravimetric and differential
thermal analysis (TG/DTA, SEICO INST TG/DTA 7300) were performed
in nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 C/min from
room temperature to 1000 C. An UV–Vis Spectrometer (Optizen
2021 UV-Korea) was used to acquire the absorption spectra from 200 to 800 nm of un-degraded MB (control) in relation to that degraded
by the photocatalysts.