Standardized total effects of predictor variables on TDS at the classroom
level ranged from −0.02 to 0.25. Predictor variables that had the strongest standardized total effect on TDS included positive technology beliefs (β =
0.25), pressure (β = 0.20), technology experience (β = 0.20), and integration
obstacles (β = −0.20). Note that integration obstacles’ effect was negative,
whereas other variables had positive effects. Results suggest that, at the
classroom level, predictor variables may have small to moderate effects
on TDS. Integration obstacles appear to have moderate negative effects
on TDS and on two important predictors of TDS, technology experience
and positive technology beliefs. Results suggest that teacher factors such
as beliefs about IT’s benefits and experience with technology may increase
the extent to which teachers direct their students to use technology, and
that teachers whose principals emphasize IT use may increase the extent
to which they direct students to use technology. Conversely, teachers who experience obstacles with IT integration may be less likely to direct their
students to use technology than teachers who do not experience such
obstacles.