4.2. Implications of theoretical framework The major purpose of the theoretical framework pro-posed in this paper was its application to hospital management from holistic views. We have primarily two different but inter-related directions for effective use of the theoretical framework as its implications: application to hospital settings, and development of derivatives having a narrower, limited scope, e.g., within the same clinical specialty. For the first implication, a hospital manager will be able to customize a set of key performance indicators for its own organizational purposes by including additional “important” indicators (if any) to and/or removing “meaningless” ones from the indicator set determined in this paper. Such an indicator set comprising only a limited number of “essential” indicators will be required for hospital management. As the second implication, a set of indicators for a specific specialty or clinical department, e.g., dialysis department and outpatient clinic, can be effectively added with common indicators applicable to any specialty. In addition, indicators applicable to a particular clinical field may allow us to address to a core part of problems more effectively since they are represented in more detailed, specific and closer to particular actions or decision making elements.