Biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes generally include pyrolysis and liquefaction. In pyrolysis, biomass is decomposed and degraded by heat at high temperatures (>400 C) in the absence
of oxygen to produce a mixture of condensable pyrolysis vapor(bio-oil), incondensable gases and solid char [11]. However,pyrolysis operations usually require high energy consumption
due to the energy-intensive drying process of high-moisturecontaining biomass prior to pyrolysis treatment [12]. Compared to pyrolysis, solvolytic liquefaction processes usually operate at
milder temperature (1 MPa) in the presence of a suitable solvent (water, organic solvent or mixture of water and organic solvent) [13]. In liquefaction, heated
and pressurized solvent will break down the complex matrix structure of biomass, producing liquid products that are extracted using organic solvents as bio-oil [14]. The use of solvent in liquefaction processes enables lower process temperatures [15]. Apart from that, the presence of solvent dilutes the concentration of products and prevents formation of tar compounds due to cross-linking and
recombination reactions [16].