T He has a new bicycle. But his brother needs a new one too.
S Yes!
T Hey, whoa , just a minute! Jean ?
S Martin’s brother has-
T Martin ,who has a new bicycle? You or your brother?
S My brother.
T And you have and old one.
S(inaudible)
TAnd you brother takes old one?
S (inaudible) bicycle.
T His bicycle! How old is your brother?
SMarch 23.
T His birthday?
SYeah!
TAnd how old was he?
S Fourteen.
TFourteen.Well,why don’t you tell your brother that when he takes than bike you will take his bike? And he may have more scratches than he figures for. OK?
Characteristics of input and interaction
Compare the two charts you have completed so far. What kinds of second language input and opportunities for interaction are available to learners in each of the environments that these transcripts exemplify? How are they different?
Classroom A
1 Errors: Very few on the part of the teacher. However her speech does have some peculiar characteristics typical of this type of teaching ,for example,the questions in statement from-often asked with dramatic rising intonation(for example, You don’t know what it is?). Students don’t make too many errors because they say very little and what they say is usually limited by lesson.
2 Feedback on errors: Yes, whenever students do make errors the teacher reacts.
3 Genuine questions: Yes, a few, but they are almost always related to classroom management. No questions from the students.
4 Display questions:Yes, almost all of the teacher’s questions are of this type. Interestingly,however, the students sometimes interpret display questions as genuine questions (T:What are you doing, Paul? S:Nothing.).The teacher wants students to produce a sentence-any sentence-in the ‘present continuous’ but the student worries that he’s about to get in trouble and asserts that he is doing ‘nothing’ This is a good example of how the teacher’s pragmatic intent can be misinterpreted by the student and of how strongly we seek to find genuine meaning in language.
5 Negotiation of meaning: Very little, learners have no need to paraphrase or request clarifitions, no opportunity to determine the direction of the discourse;the teacheris focused only on formal aspects of the learners’s language.All the effort goes into getting students to produce a sentence with the present continuous from of the verb.
6 Metalinguistic comments:Yes,this is how the teacher begins the lesson and lets the students know what really matters!
Classroom B
1 Errors:Yes,students makes errors. And even the teacher says some odd things sometimes. Her speech also contains incomplete sentences,simplified ways of speaking,and an informal speech style.
2 Feedback on errors:Yes,sometimes thebteacher repeats what the student has said with the correct form (for example, ‘he bugzz me’-emphasizing the third person singular ending).However,this correction is not consistent or intrusive as the focus is primarily on letting students express their meanings.
3 Genuine questions:Yes,almost all of the teacher’s question are focused on getting information from the students.The students are not asking questions in this exchange. However,they do sometimes intervene to change the direction of the conversation.
4 Display questions:No,because there is a focus on meaning rather than on accuracy in grammatical form.
5 Negotiation of meaning:from the teacher’s side,especially in the long exchange about who has a bicycle!
6 Metalinguistic comments: No.Even though the teacher clearly hopes to get students to use the third person ending , she does not say so in these words.
Yes no doubt noticed how strikingly different these two transcripts are,even though the activities in both are teacher –centred. In the transcript from Classroom A ,the focus is on from (i.e.grammar)and in Classroom B, it is on meaning.In Classroom A, the only purpose of the interaction is to practise theb present continuous. Although the teacher uses real classroom events and some humour to accomplish this,there is no real interest in what students are doing , Rather the teacher is highlighting their ability to say what they are doing,using the correct verb form .There is a primary focus on correct grammar , display questions,and error correction in the transcript from Classroom A.In the transcript from Classroom B, the focus is on meaning, conversational interaction, and genuine quentions,although there are some brief reference to grammatical accuracy when the teacher feels it is necessary.
Classroom comparisoins:Student-student interactions
This section present some student-student interactions. The transcripts are based on the interactions between second language learners engaged in different communicative tasks.
As in the previous section,there is a chart with each transcript where you can indicate whether certain things are happening in the interaction.
Communication task A:Picture description
The following transcript is of two girl aged 11-12 years, both ESL learners in their first year of learning English in Australia. The first learner (S1) is from Hong Kong; the second (S2)is from Somalia. They are engaged in a task where S1 is describing a picture for S2 to draw . They are sitting at a table, separated by a small barrier , so that they can see each other’s faces and hands (when they gesture),but not each other’s work . The picture is a black outline containing stick figures-a boy flying a kite and a girl holding his hand. The stick figures are standing on some grass near a tree. Square brackets indicate non-target pronunciation.(This transcript comes from unpublished data collected by Alison Mackey, Rhonda Oliver and Jennifer Leeman.)
Communication task B:Jigsaw
The following transcript is of two students in a grade 7 French immersion classroom. They are engaged in a jigsaw activity based on a series of eight pictures telling the story of a young girl being awakened by her alarm clock early in the morning. One student has pictures 1,3,5 and 7, and the other student has pictures 2,4,6 and 8.They take turns telling the story portrayed by the pictures and then they display all the pictures in sequence and write the story they have just told. Telling the story requires the use of a number of reflexive verbs in French.In the third person,the form ‘se’ is placed between the subject and the finite verb. Thus,ells se leve(she gets up) and elle se souvient(she remmemberst)are correct.Incorrect uses of these reflexive verbs are in italics.In this transcript the learners are called Dara(D) and Nina(N). (The data are form Swain and Lapkin 2002.)
T He has a new bicycle. But his brother needs a new one too.S Yes!T Hey, whoa , just a minute! Jean ?S Martin’s brother has-T Martin ,who has a new bicycle? You or your brother?S My brother.T And you have and old one.S(inaudible)TAnd you brother takes old one?S (inaudible) bicycle.T His bicycle! How old is your brother?SMarch 23.T His birthday?SYeah!TAnd how old was he?S Fourteen.TFourteen.Well,why don’t you tell your brother that when he takes than bike you will take his bike? And he may have more scratches than he figures for. OK?Characteristics of input and interactionCompare the two charts you have completed so far. What kinds of second language input and opportunities for interaction are available to learners in each of the environments that these transcripts exemplify? How are they different?Classroom A1 Errors: Very few on the part of the teacher. However her speech does have some peculiar characteristics typical of this type of teaching ,for example,the questions in statement from-often asked with dramatic rising intonation(for example, You don’t know what it is?). Students don’t make too many errors because they say very little and what they say is usually limited by lesson.2 Feedback on errors: Yes, whenever students do make errors the teacher reacts.3 Genuine questions: Yes, a few, but they are almost always related to classroom management. No questions from the students.4 Display questions:Yes, almost all of the teacher’s questions are of this type. Interestingly,however, the students sometimes interpret display questions as genuine questions (T:What are you doing, Paul? S:Nothing.).The teacher wants students to produce a sentence-any sentence-in the ‘present continuous’ but the student worries that he’s about to get in trouble and asserts that he is doing ‘nothing’ This is a good example of how the teacher’s pragmatic intent can be misinterpreted by the student and of how strongly we seek to find genuine meaning in language.5 Negotiation of meaning: Very little, learners have no need to paraphrase or request clarifitions, no opportunity to determine the direction of the discourse;the teacheris focused only on formal aspects of the learners’s language.All the effort goes into getting students to produce a sentence with the present continuous from of the verb.6 Metalinguistic comments:Yes,this is how the teacher begins the lesson and lets the students know what really matters!Classroom B1 Errors:Yes,students makes errors. And even the teacher says some odd things sometimes. Her speech also contains incomplete sentences,simplified ways of speaking,and an informal speech style.2 Feedback on errors:Yes,sometimes thebteacher repeats what the student has said with the correct form (for example, ‘he bugzz me’-emphasizing the third person singular ending).However,this correction is not consistent or intrusive as the focus is primarily on letting students express their meanings.3 Genuine questions:Yes,almost all of the teacher’s question are focused on getting information from the students.The students are not asking questions in this exchange. However,they do sometimes intervene to change the direction of the conversation.4 Display questions:No,because there is a focus on meaning rather than on accuracy in grammatical form.5 Negotiation of meaning:from the teacher’s side,especially in the long exchange about who has a bicycle!6 Metalinguistic comments: No.Even though the teacher clearly hopes to get students to use the third person ending , she does not say so in these words.Yes no doubt noticed how strikingly different these two transcripts are,even though the activities in both are teacher –centred. In the transcript from Classroom A ,the focus is on from (i.e.grammar)and in Classroom B, it is on meaning.In Classroom A, the only purpose of the interaction is to practise theb present continuous. Although the teacher uses real classroom events and some humour to accomplish this,there is no real interest in what students are doing , Rather the teacher is highlighting their ability to say what they are doing,using the correct verb form .There is a primary focus on correct grammar , display questions,and error correction in the transcript from Classroom A.In the transcript from Classroom B, the focus is on meaning, conversational interaction, and genuine quentions,although there are some brief reference to grammatical accuracy when the teacher feels it is necessary.Classroom comparisoins:Student-student interactionsThis section present some student-student interactions. The transcripts are based on the interactions between second language learners engaged in different communicative tasks.As in the previous section,there is a chart with each transcript where you can indicate whether certain things are happening in the interaction.Communication task A:Picture descriptionThe following transcript is of two girl aged 11-12 years, both ESL learners in their first year of learning English in Australia. The first learner (S1) is from Hong Kong; the second (S2)is from Somalia. They are engaged in a task where S1 is describing a picture for S2 to draw . They are sitting at a table, separated by a small barrier , so that they can see each other’s faces and hands (when they gesture),but not each other’s work . The picture is a black outline containing stick figures-a boy flying a kite and a girl holding his hand. The stick figures are standing on some grass near a tree. Square brackets indicate non-target pronunciation.(This transcript comes from unpublished data collected by Alison Mackey, Rhonda Oliver and Jennifer Leeman.)Communication task B:JigsawThe following transcript is of two students in a grade 7 French immersion classroom. They are engaged in a jigsaw activity based on a series of eight pictures telling the story of a young girl being awakened by her alarm clock early in the morning. One student has pictures 1,3,5 and 7, and the other student has pictures 2,4,6 and 8.They take turns telling the story portrayed by the pictures and then they display all the pictures in sequence and write the story they have just told. Telling the story requires the use of a number of reflexive verbs in French.In the third person,the form ‘se’ is placed between the subject and the finite verb. Thus,ells se leve(she gets up) and elle se souvient(she remmemberst)are correct.Incorrect uses of these reflexive verbs are in italics.In this transcript the learners are called Dara(D) and Nina(N). (The data are form Swain and Lapkin 2002.)
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