The minimum spanning network relationships among all the haplotypes are presented in Figure 2. The two common haplotypes, namely Haplotype 1 and Haplotype 5, were observed in almost equal frequency (35% and 38%, respectively). Haplotype 1 was common to all three regions although was missing in one population each in central west and east (Kepong and Kubang Kerian) while Haplotype 5 was observed in all central west and the eastern regions except a few populations namely from Sedim, Pusing, Langkap, and Kuala Kangsar (northwest).
Eleven of the 14 haplotypes (except 1, 3, and 5) were unique to either the western or eastern regions.